进步

进步（）是指朝着人们认为更完善、更理想或其他理想状态迈进的过程。它是进步主义哲学的核心，进步主义将进步解释为技术、科学和社会组织效率的提升——后者通常通过直接的社会行动来实现，例如社会企业或行动主义，但也可以通过自然的社会文化演进来实现——进步主义认为全体人类社会都应努力追求这一目标。

进步的概念最早出现在19世纪早期的社会理论中，特别是奥古斯特·孔德和赫伯特·斯宾塞所描述的社会演进理论。它也存在于启蒙时代的历史哲学中。作为一项目标，社会进步已被不同政治意识形态所倡导，并提出了不同的实现理论。

参考文献
拓展阅读

• Alexander, Jeffrey C., & Piotr Sztompka (1990). [https://www.questia.com/read/106415527/rethinking-progress-movements-forces-and-ideas Rethinking Progress: Movements, Forces, and Ideas at the End of the 20th Century] . Boston: Unwin Hymans.
• Becker, Carl L. (1932). Progress and Power. Stanford University Press.
• Brunetière, Ferdinand (1922). [https://archive.org/stream/tudescritiques05brunuoft#page/182/mode/2up "La Formation de l'Idée de Progrés."] In: Études Critiques. Paris: Librairie Hachette, pp. 183–250.
• Burgess, Yvonne (1994). The Myth of Progress. Wild Goose Publications.
• Bury, J.B. (1920). [https://archive.org/stream/ideaofprogressin00buryuoft#page/n7/mode/2up The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth] ([https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4557 mirror] ). London: The Macmillan and Co.
• Dawson, Christopher (1929). Progress and Religion. London: Sheed & Ward.
• Dodds, E.R. (1985). The Ancient Concept of Progress and Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Doren, Charles Van (1967). The Idea of Progress. New York: Praeger.
• Fay, Sidney B. (1947). "The Idea of Progress," American Historical Review, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 231–46 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1841272 in JSTOR] , reflections after two world wars.
• Hahn, Lewis Edwin and Paul Arthur Schilpp (eds.).(1999). The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright. Open Court.
• Iggers, Georg G. (1965). "The Idea of Progress: A Critical Reassessment," American Historical Review, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 1–17 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1863033 in JSTOR] , emphasis on 20th-century philosophies of history
• Inge, William Ralph (1922). [https://archive.org/stream/outspokenessayss00ingeuoft#page/158/mode/2up "The Idea of Progress."] In: Outspoken Essays, Second series. London: Longmans, Green & Co., pp. 158–83.
• Kauffman, Bill. (1998). With Good Intentions? Reflections on the Myth of Progress in America. Praeger [https://www.questia.com/read/27987499?title=With%20Good%20Intentions%3f%20Reflections%20on%20the%20Myth%20of%20Progress%20in%20America online edition], based on interviews in a small town.
• Lasch, Christopher (1991). Progress and Its Critics. W. W. Norton [https://www.questia.com/read/101069369?title=The%20True%20and%20Only%20Heaven%3a%20Progress%20and%20Its%20Critics online edition]
• Mackenzie, J. S. (1899). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2375234 "The Idea of Progress,"] International Journal of Ethics, Vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 195–213, representative of late 19th-century approaches
• Mathiopoulos, Margarita. History and Progress: In Search of the European and American Mind (1989) [https://www.questia.com/read/10054587?title=History%20and%20Progress%3a%20In%20Search%20of%20the%20European%20and%20American%20Mind online edition]
• Melzer, Arthur M. et al. eds. History and the Idea of Progress (1995), scholars discuss Machiavelli, Kant, Nietzsche, Spengler and others [https://www.questia.com/read/103681530?title=History%20and%20the%20Idea%20of%20Progress online edition]
• Nisbet, Robert (1979). [http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/idea-of-progress-a-bibliographical-essay-by-robert-nisbet "The Idea of Progress,"] Literature of Liberty, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 7–37.

* Nisbet, Robert (1980). History of the Idea of Progress*. New York: Basic Books.

• Norberg, Johan (2016). Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future. London: Oneworld Publications
• Painter, George S. (1922). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2764656?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "The Idea of Progress,"] American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 257–82.
• Pinker, Steven (2018). The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, Penguin Books
• Pollard, Sidney (1971). The Idea of Progress: History and Society. New York: Pelican.
• Rescher, Nicholas; Scientific Progress (Oxford: Blackwells, 1978).
• Ryan, Christopher (2019). Civilized to Death: The Price of Progress. Simon & Schuster
• Sklair, Leslie (1970). The Sociology of Progress. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. [https://www.questia.com/read/103931956?title=The%20Sociology%20of%20Progress online edition]
• Slaboch, Matthew W. (2018). A Road to Nowhere: The Idea of Progress and Its Critics. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press.

*

• Spadafora, David (1990). The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth Century Britain. Yale University Press.
• Spalding, Henry Norman, Civilization in East and West : an introduction to the study of human progress, London, Oxford university press, H. Milford, 1939.
• Teggart, F. J. (1949). The Idea of Progress: A Collection of Readings. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Tuveson, Ernest Lee (1949). Millennium and Utopia: A Study in the Background of the Idea of Progress. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Zarandi, Merhdad M., ed. (2004). Science and the Myth of Progress. World Wisdom Books.

外部链接

• [https://www.un.org/esa/ United Nations Economic and Social Development]
• [https://journals.iium.edu.my/jiasia/index.php/jia/article/view/1087 Islam, Modernity and the Concept of Progress]