尼陀()在传统犹太教中是指一位经历子宫出血(最常见于月经期间)的女性,或月经已来但尚未完成浸禮相关的沐浴仪式要求的女性。
在利未记中,与尼陀发生性关系被妥拉所禁止。这项禁令一直被传统犹太律法和撒玛利亚人所保留着。但改革派犹太教和其他倾向自由主义教派的信徒则大多废除了这项禁令。
在拉比犹太教中,针对尼陀的额外严规和禁令随着时间的推移不断积累,使其定义范围在各个方面都不断扩大,这包括:禁令的持续时间(阿什肯纳兹派至少12天,塞法迪派至少 11 天);性行为禁令范围的扩大:禁止同床共枕、禁止任何身体接触,甚至禁止将物品递给配偶;并有与之对应的详细净礼仪式。
自19世纪末以来,受德国现代正统派的影响,有关“尼陀”的律法也被称为“Taharat haMishpacha”()。这是一种委婉的護教说法,旨在淡化女性的“汙穢”(这一概念受到改革运动的批评),并通过警告民众“尼陀”可能会影响后代的纯洁来劝诫民众。
拓展阅读
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参考文献
书目
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- (first edition: 2003)
, s.v. Hil. Issurei Bi'ah*
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, Hil. Niddah and Miqwa'ot*
- Reisner, Avram (2006), [http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/20052010/reisner_niddah.pdf Observing Niddah in Our Day], Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly
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- (reprinted in 1974 by Eshkol publishers, Jerusalem )
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外部链接
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321192618/http://www.reutcenter.org/articles/Ner-David_Medieval_Responsa.pdf Medieval Responsa Literature on Niddah: Perspectives of Notions of Tumah] by Haviva Ner-David.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021941/http://www.yoatzot.org/index.php Yoatzot.org], "The Women's Health and Halacha Website"
- Evyatar Marienberg, [http://www.unc.edu/~evyatarm/ahp/chez/Marienberg_HTR-2013_Traditional_Sexual_Practices_and_Their_Possible_Impact_on_Jewish_Fertility_and_Demography.pdf "Traditional Jewish Sexual Practices and Their Possible Impact on Jewish Fertility and Demography,"] Harvard Theological Review 106:3 (2013), pp. 243–286
- Evyatar Marienberg, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpLtiScoj4c “What is Niddah? Menstruation in Judaism”], Polin: Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Warsaw, November 23, 2017
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