華盛頓地鐵綠線

華盛頓地鐵綠線 ()，是華盛頓地鐵系統的高運量大眾捷運路線；在美國華盛頓特區以及喬治王子縣馬里蘭州內，從到绿带站共設有21座捷運車站，亦為華盛頓初期地鐵計劃中最新完成的一條線，也是穿過華盛頓特區的三條南北路線之一；此外，本路線在朗方廣場站到绿带站區間與黃線共用。

規劃
Planning for Metro began with the Mass Transportation Survey in 1955, which attempted to forecast both freeway and mass transit systems sufficient to meet the needs of the region projected for 1980.In 1959, the study's final report included two rapid transit lines which anticipated subways in downtown Washington.Because the plan called for extensive freeway construction within the District of Columbia, alarmed residents lobbied for legislation which both created a new transportation agency and blocked freeway construction.The agency, the National Capital Transportation Administration, issued a 1962 Transportation in the National Capital Region report, which did not include the route that became the Green Line.A central route under 7th Street in downtown was only added in 1967 primarily to serve the "inner city."

In March 1968, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) board approved its Adopted Regional System (ARS) which included the Green Line from Branch Avenue to Greenbelt. It also foresaw possible future extensions to Laurel, Maryland and Brandywine, Maryland.

早期定案
Plans for rapid transit prior to the creation of WMATA in February 1967 focused on the needs of commuters while neglecting some of the District's less affluent neighborhoods.However, by late 1966, some plans started to include a line along 7th Street in the District of Columbia.At that time, a Green Line was planned to pass through some of the area's poorest and most transit-dependent neighborhoods and provide them with subway service.The original 1969 plan called for a line under 13th Street NW with just two stations. However, in 1970, the District of Columbia Council agreed to pay an additional $3 million to add a third station and reroute the Green Line under U Street, and 14th Street NW.The southern part of the Green Line was originally planned to pass over the 11th Street Bridges to the intersection of Good Hope Road SE and Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue SE,follow Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue SE to Suitland Parkway, down Suitland Parkway to Branch Avenue SE, and down Branch Avenue to a terminus at the intersection of Branch Avenue and the Capital Beltway.Public hearings on whether to build a Green Line and the route it should take were completed in 1973,However, many delays in construction led to the first Green Line stations not opening until 1991.Obtaining approval of the District of Columbia and Prince George's County of the exact alignment of the Green Line north of U Street delayed construction. Originally, the ARS called for the line to be placed in the median strip of the planned North Central Freeway,

The tunnel between the and stations, including the junction with the future Yellow Line, was built at the same time as the other Metro tunnels in downtown Washington in the early 1970s. During construction under 7th Street and U Street, where the cut-and-cover technique was used, street traffic and pedestrian access on those streets was difficult.That led to the closure of the traditional retail businesses along the route.

The southern section of the line was not spared from issues, however. The site of Anacostia station, set for the intersection of Martin Luther King, Jr., Avenue SE and Good Hope Road SE, led to concerns that the station would destroy historic Old Anacostia, and after pressure from the federal government, Metro moved the site of the station to Howard Road SE.Increasing construction costs and financing problems (caused primarily by the inability of local governments to contribute their share of Metro's funding) led WMATA to consider shifting the Green Line to a more southerly route, along Wheeler Road SE, to terminate near Rosecroft Raceway.Although the United States Department of Transportation approved the Glenmont extension, federal officials were unhappy that Metro had yet to construct the Green Line into Anacostia.Nonetheless, the Prince George's County government successfully demanded in May 1978 for WMATA to choose the Suitland Parkway to Rosecroft route instead.In August 1978, WMATA's Board of Directors recommended to the federal government and its partner state and local governments for the entire -long Metrorail system to be fully built, a proposal that included immediate construction of the , , , and stations.WMATA announced in November 1978 that it had secured funding to build the Green Line from Gallery Place to Waterfront and that construction was nearly complete on that portion of the line, but that funding did not exist to push the line from Waterfront to Anacostia.Nonetheless, Metro reiterated that it intended to complete the extension by late 1983.Metro also announced that cost considerations had forced it to abandon the high-vault ceiling design for all unbuilt stations (except Navy Yard), and that a less-costly design would be used at all unbuilt Green Line stations.But construction schedules continued to slip: despite reaffirming its construction schedules in December 1979,Metro announced in January 1980 that completion of the Green Line terminus in Prince George's County would be pushed back six more months to 1987.

Even as Metro officially designated Rosecroft Raceway as the Green Line's southern terminus,more than half of Prince George's County's representatives in the Maryland state legislature asked Governor Harry Hughes to review the proposed route after allegations of improper political pressure regarding the 1978 route decision surfaced.Metro officials proceeded anyway in March 1984 with Green Line design and planning, and moved the line's completion date up to late 1986.These fears were confirmed in part in September 1980 when Metro announced that inflation had created a $16 million shortfall in its $271 million budget.By now, Anacostia residents were increasingly angry at the repeated delays in building the Green Line. In September 1980, D.C. City Council member Jerry A. Moore, Jr. delivered a petition containing 1,000 signatures from Anacostia residents demanding that construction on the Green Line be sped up.

In October 1980, The Washington Post ran a major article asking "What Ever Happened to the Green Line?" in which the newspaper concluded: "The 18.86-mile Green Line, which some argue should have been the first built because it would serve the most disadvantaged sections of the Washington area, is last on the construction list and threatened with extinction."The article confirmed that funds were in place and contracts signed to complete the Green Line to the proposed Anacostia station at Howard Road SE and Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE, but that repeated local opposition in Maryland to the line's actual location had forced planners to delay final siting of the line inside the District of Columbia.Twenty-four hours of intense discussions later, Metro agreed to the District government's wishes.Construction began on the Waterfront station, which was largely complete by January 1981.Once complete, the station was used for storage.Two months later, Metro estimated the cost of building the Green Line from U Street NW to Anacostia at $175 million.

1981年
Controversies regarding the siting of the Green Line continued. In May 1980, a group of business owners near the former proposed terminus at Branch Avenue and Auth Road near Marlow Heights sued Metro on the grounds that the decision to change the course of the Green Line was illegal because it had been undertaken without a public hearing (in violation of Metro's rules).In February 1981, Judge Norman Park Ramsey of the U.S. District for Maryland held that Metro did not correctly advertise the hearings at which the change would be discussed.

Prince George's County officials continued to worry that cutbacks in federal funding for mass transit might lead to the cancellation of the four proposed stations in the county (, , , and ).Prince George's County officials vetoed in July 1981 any further expenditure of Metro's construction funds unless Metro diverted $100 million from the Red Line extension in Montgomery County to and began the immediate purchase of land and rights-of-way in Prince George's County.

Metro held its long-awaited hearings over the Green Line's route in October 1981, but only in Prince George's County (not the District).

1982年
Funding problems delayed construction even further. In February 1982, President Ronald Reagan proposed cutting Metro construction funds by 21.4% to just $295 million a year.Planned Green Line construction constituted 40.5% of Metro's construction budget, and the cuts threatened to cancel the entire Green Line.Metro held the court-ordered hearings in June 1982, at which Prince George's residents argued that they had voted for Metro's 1968 bond issue based on the original Green Line route.and in November a Metro staff report recommended construction of the Rosecroft Raceway route.

Cuts in federal construction funds for Metro again delayed construction. Metro announced in December 1982 that service on the line would not cross the Anacostia River until late 1989 at the earliest.The federal contribution to Metro's construction fund was lowered to $44 million from $95 million for fiscal 1983, and Metro said that it would divert most of that money to dig tunnels from to .On February 11, 1983, Metro, for the first time in its history, formally announced that (absent full construction funding) it could not build the Green Line, the Red Line from to , or the Yellow Line from to .

安納科斯蒂亞總站
As Metro struggled to secure construction funding for the Green Line and Anacostia station, it also struggled to lift the district court's injunction on Green Line construction. Metro asked the court to allow construction of the Navy Yard, Anacostia, and Congress Heights stations pending a decision on the Green Line route in Prince George's County, but the court refused.Judge Ramsey said that Metro's public hearing process was biased and "inadequate".Even as the court refused to let Green Line construction in Anacostia begin, more than 23,000 Anacostia residents signed a public petition demanding that the line be built.and the Prince George's County Council voted to reverse its earlier decision and support the original Green Line route to Branch Avenue.

Frustrated by funding constraints and the court injunction, in December 1983 Metro released a proposed "final" system map that showed the Green Line terminating at the Anacostia and Mount Vernon Square stations.

爭議解決
In 1984, Metro undertook two steps to secure completion of the Green Line. First, the transit agency hired former U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. in December 1983 to oversee negotiations with the various entities involved with the siting of the Green Line route and seek a resolution through the U.S. district court.On February 21, 1984, Prince George's County Executive Parris Glendening announced that construction of the Green Line in Prince George's must start by September 30, 1984, or he would begin vetoing Metro spending proposals.At the same time, Metro and Coleman opened negotiations to build the Green Line from the L'Enfant Plaza Station to Anacostia.The agreement called for construction of the Green Line to Waterfront station in the summer, siting of the tunnel under the Anacostia River by June 28, and the holding of public hearings on the remaining route between July 18 and August 3.The U.S. Federal District Court approved the agreement on March 7.Following the ruling, Metro announced that it would build the Anacostia station on Howard Road between Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE and the Anacostia Freeway, as well as a new Metro station at the Washington Navy Yard, and would open the Green Line by 1990.

Metro also began new political efforts to secure funding to complete the transit system. Initially, Reagan administration officials balked at this plan, reiterating that they would not permit Metro to build more than of subway.But in June, House and Senate committees passed legislation requiring the Reagan administration to release all funds appropriated for Metro, putting pressure on the administration to rescind its mileage limit.

巴士之爭
Like all Metrorail stations, Anacostia station was intended to be a major hub for Metrobus service in the area.However, with the Anacostia neighborhood being the poorestA total of 25 routes were changed, affecting more than 80,000 riders.

Many of the new routes now terminated at the Anacostia station, rather than continuing into downtown Washington.WMATA officials admitted that fares for most Anacostia residents would rise an average of 50%Prince George's County residents were also angered by the changes. They argued that Metro had promised more, not less, bus service and complained that they would be forced to use a rail station located in the District of Columbia's most violent and crime-prone neighborhood.Suburban commuters were angry that Metro would keep the bus routes open in Anacostia, at an estimated cost of $4 million, when their bus service had been cut when Metrorail stations opened in their areas;D.C. residents countered that poor African American District citizens could not afford the same transit changes and fare increases that wealthy, white suburbanites were asked to absorb.On September 16, 1991, declaring that the city paid "40 percent of the Metro subsidy, but we're the last to get service," Mayor Dixon threatened to withhold the District's payment to Metro unless the bus changes were rescinded.Metro officials were angered by Dixon's statement and said that District officials had been involved in the bus route planning process for months.Mayor Dixon proposed on September 20 for Metro to continue to use Anacostia station as a hub but with bus service provided into downtown D.C.The plan, estimated to cost less than $500,000 a year, would require residents to transfer at Anacostia station but would not raise the total fare to more than $1.The cost of operating the bus routes totaled $2.5 million annually.

Prince George's County, meanwhile, had announced that its county-run buses ("The Bus") would not run to Anacostia Station, as previously promised, drawing outrage from the D.C. representatives on Metro's board.To make up the lost revenue, WMATA said that it would run only two-car trains (the shortest on the system) on the Green Line during slow periods on weekdays and evenings and on Sundays beginning in June 1992.WMATA admitted that although riders had made the switch from bus to rail, the lower ridership numbers were caused by the recession, not because of continuing downtown bus service in the area.Metrorail also suffered from internal squabbling over rail car design, and rail car production had historically been plagued by poor quality and labor strikes—both of which added to construction delays.Officials estimated that the rail car shortage would become critical when the Anacostia station opened.When the Van Dorn Street station opened in June 1991, Metro was forced to run trains every 12 minutes during rush hour rather than every 8 due to the rail car shortage.Eventually, crowding was addressed when additional cars became available by running 8-car trains.

Metro also encountered significant problems estimating the number of riders who would board the system at the Anacostia and other Green Line stations. In June 1991, WMATA estimated that just over 15,000 riders on average would board at the Waterfront, Navy Yard, and Anacostia stations.In December 1991, when the Anacostia station opened, Metro had revised that number to 30,700 riders per day (by June 1992).Just a week later, Metro dropped that estimate to only 28,000 riders a day (by June 1992).

Even though significant numbers of bus riders in Anacostia had switched to Metrorail by February 1992, WMATA nonetheless began running two- rather than four-car trains on the Green Line on Sundays and during slow periods in order to close a revenue shortfall.

The January 13, 2001 opening of the final five Green Line stations (Congress Heights, Southern Avenue, Naylor Road, Suitland, and Branch Avenue) significantly worsened overcrowding and service problems on the line. The five new stations added almost 20,000 new riders a day, overwhelming station platforms, jamming trains to capacity, and forcing many riders at Anacostia and other stations up the line to wait as train after train passed them, filled.Metro had estimated that 18,000 riders a day would board from these stations by June 2001.The firm of Harrison Western/Franki-Denys (a joint venture) was awarded the $25.6 million contract, with construction to begin in December 1984.WMATA delayed awarding the contract after American anti-apartheid activists alleged that a Belgian company with a minority financial interest in Franki-Denys did business with the racist white-led government of South Africa, but after the links were discovered to be extremely minor the contract was awarded.

The debate over the route for the remainder of the Green Line was finally resolved in December 1984. Residents and D.C. government officials asked WMATA to build stations at Congress Heights and Southern Avenue in order to promote economic development and provide service to St. Elizabeths Hospital and Greater Southeast Community Hospital.In December 1984, WMATA's Board of Directors agreed to return the Green Line to its original route, and build the Congress Heights and Southern Avenue stations.

1985年
Funding for Green Line construction fell into place in 1985. Pressured by the previous year's Congressional action, the Reagan administration sought to provide WMATA with $250 million a year for four years to expand the system to , a plan which would not fund construction of the system beyond the proposed Southern Avenue station.

Construction on the line started in 1985. Survey and clearing work for the twin 2,500-foot (762 m) Anacostia River tunnels began in March 1985.

The completion date for the two tunnels was estimated at late 1987.and found it to be still structurally sound (although water needed to be pumped from the station).However, some repairs to the tunnel between L'Enfant Plaza and Waterfront needed to be made.Construction of the tunnel from Waterfront to Navy Yard was set to begin in September 1985, construction of the Navy Yard station in early 1986, and linkage with the Anacostia River tunnels shortly thereafter.WMATA's board awarded a $41.5 million contract for the construction of the Anacostia station to Kiewit Construction Co. in June 1985, and said the station would open in 1990.Ground was broken at the site on September 21, 1985.

1986–1988年
Funding for construction of the Green Line was threatened again in 1986. WMATA needed $2 billion in construction funds, but Congress was threatening to cut WMATA's funding by up to 26% to $184.5 million a year for four years.Congress approved $227 million for 1986 in December 1985,but the Reagan administration said that it would cut off all funding thereafter.WMATA appealed directly to President Reagan to release $400 million in funds already appropriated,but administration officials said WMATA had more than enough money to complete the Green Line.Prince George's County officials threatened to sue Metro as well as block all further construction spending in March 1985 unless WMATA agreed to use its existing funds to build the Green Line into their county.WMATA officials reacted in June by stretching out construction of the Green Line and Anacostia station to 1991.After lengthy negotiations (which included state and local guarantees to pay for cost overruns or funding shortfalls, penalties for defaults, and the imposition of two external financial monitors) and heavy pressure from Congress, Reagan administration officials released the $400 million on July 16, 1986.

With the funds released, construction on the Green Line proceeded quickly. In November 1986, WMATA awarded a $36.2 million contract to Mergentime Corp. to build the Navy Yard station.A month later, WMATA awarded a $19.5 million contract to excavate a tunnel from the Navy Yard Station to the tunnels being built under the Anacostia River.On March 23, 1986, the second of the two , concrete-lined tunnels under the Anacostia River was completed.In December 1988, WMATA reaffirmed that the Waterfront, Navy Yard, and Anacostia stations would open in late 1991.

安納科斯蒂亞站南延段
Beginning in 1989, WMATA sought funding to extend the Green Line beyond the Anacostia station and to operate the Green Line. Metro asked Congress to authorize $2.16 billion over 10 years to complete the system, as well as appropriate the remaining $193 million from the transit agency's original 1980 authorization to complete the Green Line from Anacostia to and link the Green Line internally between U Street and Fort Totten.Although the Bush administration opposed the request,Congress provided $2.025 billion.Only the stations at and Branch Avenue remained unfunded.WMATA also proposed spending money almost three times faster up-front to accelerate its construction schedule, a move which would be more than compensated for by savings in out-years.Prince George's County officials threatened to block all further Metrorail construction unless they received guarantees that the stations in their county would be built.Funding for the remaining seven Green Line stations in the District and Prince George's remained in doubt as of August 1991, with District officials saying that it made sense to build the and stations and Prince George's representatives demanding that the three stations in their county be completed.WMATA said that it had so little money it could not fund 16 critical small construction projects, among them security gates at the Navy Yard and Waterfront stations and parts for escalators at the seven new Green Line stations in D.C. and Prince George's County.The funding impasse was broken in November 1991 when local and state governments agreed to roughly triple their contribution to Metro's construction costs by 1994 to complete the entire system.

The first WMATA budget which contained funds for operating the Green Line was proposed in December 1989. The budget presumed a December 1, 1990, opening for the Mt. Vernon Square, Shaw–Howard University and U Street–Cardozo stations, and requested funds to test the soon-to-open Green Line from Gallery Place–Chinatown to the Anacostia station.The budget also projected that this section of the line would open in 1991, and that new Metrobus service will be added in Prince George's County to bring commuters to the new station.Mergentime/Perini denied the accusations.Although similar problems plagued Mergentime/Perini's work on the Navy Yard station, WMATA did not fire the joint venture company from that project.Federal monitors overseeing WMATA's spending, however, issued a report in August 1990 accusing WMATA of poor financial oversight of the project and blamed the transit agency for the delays and problems Mergentime/Perini confronted.Mergentime/Perini sued WMATA, claiming that it was improperly dismissed from the project.Although ridership was projected to rise 3.8% to 260 million trips in the coming year,the increased revenue was not expected to cover the costs of operating the new lines and stations.Mount Vernon Square, Shaw–Howard University, and U Street–Cardozo stations opened on Saturday, May 11, 1991.

Construction of the Green Line past Anacostia station was complicated by the discovery of a potential toxic waste site in the path of the subway. In June 1991, WMATA discovered that the District of Columbia had dumped 426,000 tonsThe city continued to dump the ash at the site for four years after it learned that WMATA planned to use the site for the Green Line.The proposal led to public protests against the Maryland plan in Anacostia, and heated arguments on the WMATA board of directors.Ridership expanded rapidly on the Green Line. In the first workweek of the year, more than 8,000 riders a day boarded at the three stations in Southeast D.C. (more than 5,000 of them at Anacostia), exceeding WMATA's estimates,and nearly 10,000 riders were boarding each day at the three stations by the third week of January.

Construction of the Green Line near Berwyn Heights, Maryland resulted in the creation of Lake Artemesia. In 1976, WMATA removed sand and gravel needed for construction from open space adjacent to the Green Line. In exchange, WMATA paid to develop the area as a lake surrounded by a park.

1993年延伸
The Green Line stations at 綠帶站, 學院公園-馬里蘭大學站, 喬治王子廣場站, and 西海恩茲維爾站 opened in December 1993.Almost two years later, WMATA broke ground on the Suitland, Naylor Road, Southern Avenue, and Congress Heights stations, a $900 million project which would complete the final of the originally-planned Metrorail system in late 1999.The outbound tunnel to Congress Heights was completed in June 1998.The Green Line's final five stations opened on January 13, 2001.

近年
Service on the Green Line tracks began on May 11, 1991 on three stations between U Street and Gallery Place–Chinatown. Initially, all trains through this section were run as Yellow Line trains terminating at . The Green Line formally began on December 28, 1991, with three stations south of L'Enfant Plaza to Anacostia. At this time, Yellow Line service north of Mount Vernon Square was discontinued and those stations were served only by the new Green Line. The four-station branch north of Fort Totten to opened on December 11, 1993. The two segments were connected on September 18, 1999, with two stations opening, and the last five stations south to Branch Avenue opened on January 13, 2001, completing the original Metrorail system.

After the branch north of Fort Totten opened, the Green Line Commuter Shortcut began as a six-month experiment on January 27, 1997, allowing passengers to get on a train on the Green Line segment during rush hours and travel as far as on the Red Line without having to switch trains at Fort Totten; a transfer was needed during off-peak hours. This was accomplished by utilizing a single-track spur (B & E connection) between the Green and Red Lines near (and bypassing) Fort Totten station. This shortcut was so well-received that it was continued until September 17, 1999, when the mid-city portion of the Green Line was completed.

In 2006, WMATA board member Jim Graham and D.C. Mayor Anthony A. Williams proposed re-extending Yellow Line service to or even to , which was the originally planned northern terminus for the line. Their proposal did not involve construction of any new track, because either extension would run along the same route as the existing Green Line and would thus relieve crowding on that line. Suburban members of the board initially resisted the proposal. Through a compromise that also increased service on the Red Line, on April 20, 2006 the WMATA board approved a Yellow Line extension to the Fort Totten station during off-peak hours. An 18-month pilot program began on December 31, 2006, at a cost of $5.75 million to the District of Columbia.At the end of the pilot, the program was extendedand as of April 2019, is operational today.

From March 26, 2020 until June 28, 2020, trains were bypassing , , and stations due to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.All stations were reopened beginning on June 28, 2020.

Between May 29 to September 6, 2021, all Green Line trains terminated at due to the platform improvement project which closed stations north of Fort Totten. Shuttle buses were provided to the closed stations.

車站列表
以下車站皆為綠線車站，從南向北列出。

未來
A proposed extension from the line's Greenbelt terminus to Baltimore Washington International Airport has been studied.This expansion, which would also serve the Laurel and Fort Meade areas of central Maryland,would link the Washington Metro system to the Baltimore Light Rail of the Maryland Transit Administration.

犯罪
Since the 1980s, Southeast D.C. has had one of the highest crime rates in the District of Columbia (albeit not the highest rates in all categories of crimes).Concern about crime at the Anacostia, Congress Heights, Southern Avenue, and Naylor Road Metro Stations have existed for many years although statistics only partially support those concerns. Fear of crime was one of the reasons for a 1991 fight by Prince George's County residents against bus route changes that would have forced riders to disembark at Anacostia Station.By 2005, large crowds of middle and high school students began congregating at the Anacostia Station, brawled and robbed Metro riders, and created a public safety issue.Metro Transit Police officers, some accompanied by dogs, began patrolling Anacostia, Gallery Place–Chinatown, L'Enfant Plaza, and three other Metro stations to increase awareness of police presence in the stations and deter crime.

The police presence did not appear to help since between 2002 and 2006, arrests of juveniles on Metro increased from 156 to 295, and warnings increased by 40%.Nearly half the arrests occurred at just five stations, with all but one on the Green Line: Anacostia, Fort Totten, Gallery Place–Chinatown, L'Enfant Plaza, and Minnesota Avenue.There were 32 robberies at the station in 2007.Although Anacostia was one of the 10 Metro stations with the highest crime rate in 2007 (and the only such station on the list inside the District of Columbia), no auto thefts or auto break-inswere reported at the station that year.To help deter crime, Metro installed outdoor security cameras at all 10 high-crime Metrorail stations in July 2008.In September 2008, Metro Transit Police stepped up their visibility and presence at all stations with high student ridership, including Anacostia.

Although historically, Metro has had a significantly lower crime rate than any comparable transit system in the United States, crime on Metro as a whole was rising in the late 2000s.Crime on the transit system began spiking in 2008 and 2009. Robbery rose by 30% to 581 incidents in 2008, and in the first four months of 2009 rose another 28.3% to 240 robberies.Crime on the Green Line continued to be high: Gallery Place–Chinatown had the most robberies of any station throughout the Metro system, followed by Anacostia (25% fewer than Gallery Place) and L'Enfant Plaza (20% fewer than Anacostia).Anacostia, Fort Totten, Gallery Place–Chinatown, L'Enfant Plaza, and Minnesota Avenue continued to be trouble spots, and Metro added to the list in 2009.

參見
參考資料
書目
Albanese, Jay S. Criminal Justice, 2000 Update.* Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1999.
Banks, James G. The Unintended Consequences: Family and Community, the Victims of Isolated Poverty.* Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2004.
Edleson, Harriet and Lindroth, David. The Little Black Book of Washington, DC: The Essential Guide to America's Capital.* White Plains, N.Y.: Peter Pauper Press, 2007.
La Vigne, Nancy G. "Safe Transport: Security By Design on the Washington Metro." In Preventing Mass Transit Crime.* Ronald V. Clarke, ed. Monsey, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press, 2002.
Schrag, Zachary. The Great Society Subway: A History of the Washington Metro.* Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University, 2006.
進一步閱讀
*
外部連結
*[https://www.wmata.com/rail/ Metrorail]