司法能動主義

司法能动主义（）又稱司法積極主義，是一种司法哲学，是指法官為適應當下的社會趨勢，可以不遵循舊有的成文法和判決先例進行判決，以免造成不良的社會後果。新的判決又會形成新的判例。與其相反的是，司法克制主義主張法官應該嚴格遵守成文法和判決先例進行審判。司法能动主义萌芽於19世紀美國。1947年1月，小亞瑟·史列辛格在《财富》杂志一篇名為〈1947年最高法院〉（The Supreme Court: 1947）的文章中首次提到了“司法能动主义”一词。

參考文獻
延伸閱讀

• Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law (1996), Merriam-Webster.

*
*

• , 2003. The Cloaking of Power: Montesquieu, Blackstone, and the Rise of Judicial Activism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
• , 1998. A Critique of Adjudication (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
• Carrol D. Kilgore, 1977. Judicial Tyranny: An Inquiry into the Integrity of the Federal Judiciary (Thomas Nelson).
• 105th Cong., I @ Sess. I, 1997. Judicial Activism: Defining the Problem and its Impact: Testimony before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Federalism & Property Rights (U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0160559170/ Publishers] ), 205pp.
• Sterling Harwood, 1996. Judicial Activism: A Restrained Defense (London: Austin & Winfield Publishers), 167pp. .
• , 1997. Judicial Activism, 2nd ed. (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littfield Publishers, Inc.).
• Kenneth M. Holland, editor, 1991. Judicial Activism in Comparative Perspective (Palgrave Macmillan).
• Ronald Dworkin, 1988. Law's Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
• , 1986. The Least Dangerous Branch 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
• Arthur Selwyn Miller, 1982. Toward Increased Judicial Activism (Greenwood Press).
• Ronald Dworkin, 1977. Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
• , 1976. Disaster by Decree (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
• and Arthur R. Block, 1982. Educational Policy Making and the Courts: An Empirical Study of Judicial Activism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
• H. L. A. Hart, 1961. The Concept of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
• , October 15, 2006. The Myth of Judicial Activism: Making Sense of Supreme Court Decisions (Yale University Press Publishers), 272pp.
• , July 30, 2006. Governing With the Charter: Legislative And Judicial Activism And Framer's Intent (Law and Society Series) ( Publishers), 336pp.
• Rory Leishman, May 2006. Against Judicial Activism: The Decline of Freedom And Democracy in Canada ( Publishers), 310pp.
• Mark Sutherland, 2005. Judicial Tyranny: The New Kings of America?
• , 2005. Men In Black: How the Supreme Court Is Destroying America
• S.Hrg. 108–717, 2004. [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_senate_hearings&docid=f:96924.wais Judicial Activism vs. Democracy: What are the National Implications of the Massachusetts Goodridge Decision and the Judicial Invalidation of Traditional Marriage Laws?] (U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office Publishers), 263pp. Serial No. J-108-59. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712213346/http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/22mar20051400/www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/96924.pdf GPO Stock No. 552-070-32572-7],
• Phyllis Schlafly, 2004. The Supremacists: The Tyranny Of Judges And How To Stop It
• S. P. Sathe, December 2003. Judicial Activism in India (Oxford University Press Publishers), 406pp.
• , 2003. Restraining Judicial Activism (Wallbuilder Press).
• Robert Bork, 2003. Coercing Virtue: The Worldwide Rule of Judges (AEI Press)
• Stephen P. Powers and Stanley Rothman, 2002. The Least Dangerous Branch? Consequences of Judicial Activism (Praeger Paperbacks).
• Herman Schwartz, editor, 2002. The Rehnquist Court: Judicial Activism on the Right .
• David Gwynn Morgan, 2001. A Judgment Too Far? Judicial Activism and the Constitution (Cork University Press).
• Bradley C. Canon and Charles A. Johnson, 1998. Judicial Policies: Implementation and Impact 2nd ed. (Congressional Quarterly Books).
• , 1982. Judicial Politics Gone Wild: A Case Study of Judicial Activism in Texas (Washington Legal Foundation), 11pp