晚餐

晚餐在不少西方文化中是指一天之中最豐富，亦是最正式的一餐，而部份西方人於傍晚时分吃晚飯。傳統上，一個人會於中午左右吃最豐富的一頓飯，而該頓飯被稱之為「大餐」。在西方文化中（尤其精英份子），於16至19世紀漸漸將該詞演變成一天較後時間才吃的飯餐。；在某些情況下，該詞可特指於特別時節中吃的飯餐，如聖誕晚餐。羅馬尼亞語的「dejun」及法语的「déjeuner」仍保留此詞源及一定程度上的意義（縱然西班牙语的「desayuno」及葡萄牙語的「desjejum」與該詞源相關，但該兩詞專門用於早餐上）。時移世易，該詞的定義亦變成一天之中最豐盛的一頓正餐，即使一個人在吃晚餐之前已經吃畢早餐（又或早、午餐）。

晚餐时间
Pre-Modern 近代
Reflecting the typical custom of the 17th century, Louis XIV dined at noon, and had supper at 10:00 pm. But in Europe, dinner began to move later in the day during the 1700s, due to developments in work practices, lighting, financial status, and cultural changes. The fashionable hour for dinner continued to be incrementally postponed during the 18th century, to two and three in the afternoon, and, in 1765, King George III dined at 4:00 pm, though his infant sons had theirs with their governess at 2:00 pm, leaving time to visit the queen as she dressed for dinner with the king. But in France Marie Antoinette, when still Dauphine of France in 1770, wrote that when at the Château de Choisy the court still dined at 2:00 pm, with a supper after the theatre at around 10:00 pm, before bed at 1:00 or 1:30 am.

法國國王路爾斯十四按照一般十七世紀的傳統，通常在中午享用正式晚餐餐，並在晚上10點吃晚餐。但在1700年代歐洲，鑒於工作的發展、燈光的出現、財富階級以及文化轉移，晚餐開始移至越來越遲的時間。受到追捧的。

At the time of the First French Empire an English traveler to Paris remarked upon the "abominable habit of dining as late as seven in the evening". By about 1850 English middle-class dinners were around 5:00 or 6:00 pm, allowing men to arrive back from work, but there was a continuing pressure for the hour to drift later, led by the elite who did not have to work set hours, and as commutes got longer as cities expanded. In the mid-19th century the issue was something of a social minefield, with a generational element. John Ruskin, once he married in 1848, dined at 6:00 pm, which his parents thought "unhealthy". Mrs Gaskell dined between 4:00 and 5:00 pm. The fictional Mr Pooter, a lower middle-class Londoner in 1888–89 and a diner at 5:00 pm, was invited by his son to dine at 8:00 pm, but "[he] said we did not pretend to be fashionable people, and would like the dinner earlier".

The satirical novel Living for Appearances (1855) by Henry Mayhew and his brother Augustus begins with the views of the hero on the matter. He dines at 7:00 pm, and often complains of "the disgusting and tradesman-like custom of early dining", say at 2:00 pm. The "Royal hour" he regards as 8:00 pm, but he does not aspire to that. He tells people "Tell me when you dine, and I will tell you what you are", in apparent reference to Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin's famous, "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are."

中國大陸
中國大陸大學生的晚飯會在下午五時後開始，七時前後結束。这是因为大陆学生的午餐时间通常在中午11至12点，所以5-6点需要开始吃晚餐，之后可能会有副修和选修的科目要上课。因为晚餐时间较早，不少学生睡前有夜宵的习惯。

港澳地區
晚餐聚會
晚餐聚會（）是指人們聚集一起吃晚飯的社交聚會。在這種場合中，晚餐的種類可以多元化，由簡單的一頓飯至一場国宴也可。

古羅馬
在古罗马時期，晚餐聚會被稱作「convivia」，是一種羅馬君王及元老院議員聚首一堂及討論他們關係的重要活動。在相關聚會上，羅馬人對一種名叫「liquamen」（又稱「Garum」）的魚醬情有獨鍾，亦經常食用這款魚醬。

英格蘭
在倫敦（），晚餐聚會是一種包括印刷邀請函及正式的正式場合。於該等聚會上款待的菜餚，大至多而豪華的食品展陳及多菜式，小至僅提供簡單的菜餚及餐飲服務，可謂應有盡有。另外，因佛制比丘過午不食，然而，由於工作勞動或是患病比丘，仍需要晚餐以保持體力，故禪宗寺院稱午後之飲食為藥石或作「藥食」，亦即晚餐之隱語，意謂服之以療饑渴。

正式晚宴
一場正式晚宴有數項規定。首先，活動要求參加者需穿著如附有黑色或白色領帶的黑色领结之晚裝；第二，晚宴上的所有菜餚均由廚房製作；第三，任何盤子或餐具均不可放予桌上，而管家及其他服務職員負責所有服務及清桌工作；第四，一場晚宴會以的形式出餐；最後，晚宴在及座次上均設有規定。

晚餐圖集
File:Ikaho dinner 01.jpg|日式晚餐
File:Bica do Sapato, Lisbon (5833840393).jpg|葡萄牙晚餐
File:Air China Business Meal CA1316 (20140212165705).JPG|中國國航的飛機晚餐
File:Tartare de boeuf préparé, restaurant Steakhouse à Lyon (mars 2019).jpg|韃靼牛肉晚餐
File:Jacques Lameloise, escabèche d'écrevisses sur gaspacho d'asperge et cresson.jpg|法式晚餐
File:Beef Carvery.jpg|燒牛肉晚餐
File:Steak dinner at 1640 Restaurant, Quebec City, Canada.jpg|歐式晚餐
File:Costa Rican Cuisine Dinner.jpg|西方晚餐

另見

• 最後的晚餐（畫作）

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• 小吃
• 下午茶

註釋
參考資料
參考文獻
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延伸閱讀
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外部連結

• 劍橋大學出版社網站上對於[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=21847&dict=CALD 「Dinner」的釋義]
• [https://wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook Wikibooks Cookbook]
• [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20243692 BBC網站上一篇關於晚餐歷史的文章]