認知神經科學()是一門科學學門,旨在探討認知歷程的生物學基礎。主要的目標為闡明心理歷程的神經機制,也就是大腦的運作如何造就心理或認知功能。認知神經科學為心理學和神經科學的分支,並且橫跨眾多領域,例如生理心理學、神經科學、認知心理學和神經心理學。認知神經科學以認知科學的理論以及神經心理學、神經科學及計算機模型的實驗證據為基礎。在後續對於腦葉的研究中,區位化觀點有很大的影響和幫助。
神經心理學的興起
法國的神經科學家保罗·布罗卡在1861年報告了一位病人的症狀。這位病人可以聽的懂語言,但是無法說,並且只能發出「炭」(tan)的音。這位病人之後被發現他左腦的額葉有腦傷,而這塊腦傷的區域現今則被稱作布洛卡氏區。另外一位神經科學家卡爾·韋尼克則發現一位中風病人無法聽取語言訊息和閱讀文字,但可以流利的說話(雖然說的是沒有意義的語句)。這位病人則是有一個在左腦頂葉和顳葉交界處的腦傷。而這塊區域現今被稱作韋尼克區。這兩個病例是支持區位化論的重要證據,因為特定區域的腦傷造成了特定的行為改變。布洛卡和韋尼克的研究促成了神經心理學的誕生,而這個新領域研究的是心理現象和腦傷之間的關係。
腦功能定位
在1870年,德國兩位醫師和發表了他們在動物實驗的發現。他們在狗的不同大腦皮質部位通上電流,可以誘發不同的相應動作。由此他們認為行為的表現是源自於腦細胞層次的運作。德國的神經解剖學家科比尼安·布洛德曼使用尼斯尔發明的組織染色技術觀察腦部的細胞種類。於1909時,他發表了他的結論:腦部是由52個不同的部份所組成。這些分區現被稱為布洛德曼分區。現在看來,有些分區劃定的非常精確,如布洛德曼17區和布洛德曼18區。
神經教條
在20世紀早期,聖地亞哥·拉蒙-卡哈爾和卡米洛·高爾基開始研究神經細胞的結構。高基發展出,可以將特定區域的細胞一同染色。使用這樣的技術觀察神經細胞,讓高爾基認為細胞之間,在共同的細胞質內有直接的連接。卡哈爾則反對這樣的觀點。他在腦部含有較少髓鞘的部位做染色,發現神經細胞並不是緊密相連,而是分離的。他進一步發現神經細胞會單方向的傳遞電訊號。這些發現稱為,並對之後了解神經細胞的功能提供了基礎的理論。也因次這個貢獻,高基和卡哈爾都獲得了1906年的諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。
認知科學的誕生
1956年9月11日,認知科學大會在麻省理工學院舉行。在大會上喬治·A·米勒發表了他著名的研究《神奇的数字:7±2》。诺姆·乔姆斯基和艾倫·紐厄爾和赫伯特·亞歷山大·西蒙發表了他們在電腦科學上的成果。在他1967年的書「認知心理學」中評論了許多在這次會議中所發表的成果。心理學此名詞在1950到1960年代逐漸式微,取代的是認知科學的開始。行為主義的科學家如喬治·A·米勒開始重視語言的內在表徵,而不只有外在的行為表現。大衛·馬爾 提出記憶的階層性表徵,也讓許多心理學家接納了心理功能是需要由腦中特別的演算法處理。
認知神經科學
在1980年代之前,神經科學和認知心理學這兩個領域之間幾乎沒有互動。在1970年代晚期,「認知神經科學」這個名詞在一輛計程車的後座誕生,由喬治·A·米勒和共同創立。研究者開始用實驗心理學、神經心理學和神經科學的研究方法來為認知科學奠定基礎。在20世紀晚期,新的科學技術成為認知神經科學重要的研究方法。這些技術包含了、功能性磁振造影、腦電圖和。有時也會使用到其他的腦造影技術,如正子斷層掃瞄造影和。在動物上使用的也是重要的技術。另外其他的技術還包含、臉部的和眼球追蹤儀。試著將不同領域和不同尺度(如生物學、心理學、解剖學和臨床經驗)所得到的研究成果,整合成一個統合的描述性模型。
認知神經科學的主題
- 注意力
- 意識
- 決策判斷
- 學習
- 記憶
- 情感
- 語言
- 動作
- 感官
參考文獻
引用
来源
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- Sternberg, Eliezer J. Are You a Machine? The Brain, the Mind and What it Means to be Human. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
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- [http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Y7_F04wAnUgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=Processing++working+memory++IQ&ots=3xGmI_TfKW&sig=6_vmoM0npXHR43te8KPitFjmeb4#PPA3,M1The Development of Mental Processing By Andreas Demetriou, et. al.]
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延伸閱讀
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Cerebral Cortex
- Neuroreport
- Neuropsychologia
- Social neuroscience
- Trends in Neuroscience
- Neuroscience
- Neuroimage
- Brain
- Neuroscience Letters
- Visual Neuroscience
- Vision
- Vision Research
- Brain Research
- Clinical Neuropsychology
- Experimental Neurology
- Neuroscience Methods
- Clinical Neuroscience Research
- Clinical Neuroscience
- Developmental Brain Research
- Progress in Brain Research
- Neuroscience Research
- Experimental Neurology
- Human Neurobiology
- Neurophysiology
- Synapse
- Hippocampus
- Memory and Language
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Neurochemical Research
- Neural Computation
- Trends in Cognitive Science
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Cognitive Brain Research
- Human Brain Mapping
- American Journal of Audiology
- Otology and Neurotology
- Hearing Research
- Clinical Neurophysiology
- Optical Society of America
- Neural Systems
- Auditory Research
- Perception
- Hearing Research
- Acoustical Society of America
- Psychological Review
- Experimental Psychology
- Visual Cognition
- Neurocomputing
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Progress in Neurobiology
- Clinical Neuropharmacology
外部連結
*[http://cogneurosociety.org/ Cognitive Neuroscience Society Homepage]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071028090722/http://www.in-mind.org/issue-4/there-s-something-about-zero.html There's Something about Zero]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828044459/http://www.cognitiveneurosciencearena.com/whatiscognitiveneuroscience.asp What Is Cognitive Neuroscience?, Jamie Ward/Psychology Press]
- [http://www.gocognitive.net goCognitive - Educational Tools for Cognitive Neuroscience (including video interviews)]
- [http://cognet.mit.edu CogNet, The Brain and Cognitive Sciences Community Online, MIT]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060714022154/http://www.cognitiveneurosciencearena.com/ Cognitive Neuroscience Arena, Psychology Press]
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