索尔(),直譯無敵太陽神或不屈太陽神,是羅馬帝國晚期的官方太陽神,是古拉丁神「索爾」的化身或替代者。274年,皇帝奥勒良復興了對索爾的崇拜,並將其奉為帝國的主神。從奧勒良時期開始,索爾經常出現在帝國的錢幣上,通常被描繪成頭戴太陽冠,駕著戰車馳騁於天空的神。他的盛名一直持續到君士坦丁大帝頒布米蘭敕令將基督教合法化並限制古羅馬多神教為止。已知最後一條提及索爾的銘文可追溯至狄奧多西一世時期的387年,儘管在5世紀他的信徒仍然眾多,以至於基督教神學家奧古斯丁不得不公開譴責他們。
参见
- 辐射币:因像无敌者索尔一样戴着辐射头冠而得名的钱币
参考
扩展阅读
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- Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/41994 Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century] , 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; fully online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
外部链接
- [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552806/Sol Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Sol]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403203429/http://nis-www.lanl.gov/~ctr/probus.html Probus and Sol, includes images of coins]
- [http://www.roman-emperors.org/aurelian.htm Roman-Emperors: Aurelian]
- [http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap11.htm#triumph Gibbon's Decline and Fall: Triumph of Aurelian]
- [http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/nt11/085.htm Gibbon's references for Aurelian's Temple of Sol Invictus]
- [http://www.worldspirituality.org/december-25.html Clement A. Miles, Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Christian and Pagan (1912): December 25 and the Natalis Invicti]
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia (1908): Christmas]
- [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/sol_invictus.htm Ancient sources]
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