巴利語(IAST/ISO 15919: 、पालि)是古印度語言,属於印欧语系、印度-伊朗语族、印度-雅利安语支的中古印度-雅利安語,与梵語十分相近,是印度俗語普拉克里特諸語言之一。巴利語可以用各种文字书写,比如婆罗米文、天城文,以及由巴利圣典协会的英国语言学家托马斯·威廉·里斯·戴维斯所采用的適用於各種印度語言的拉丁字母轉寫。
起源
從字面上來看,巴利(Pāli),是線、行,或是文章、經典的意思,和註釋、評論相對。按南傳上座部的記載,稱傳誦巴利三藏的語言,為「摩揭陀語」(Māgadhī),或「根本語」(Mūla-Bhāsā)。後來才叫其「聖典語」(Pāli),即「巴利語」。
據錫蘭上座部佛教的傳說,現存的《巴利語大藏經》就是阿育王的兒子摩哂陀帶到錫蘭去的版本,所以巴利語也就是摩揭陀語。在公元前二六年前後以僧伽羅字母記錄下來。
然而,據季羨林考證,根據語言學的特徵,巴利語應是屬於古印度西部的方言,與流行於東部的摩揭陀語不同。印度地方現存的三十多件阿育王敕令中,屬於西部群的基爾納爾刻文,最接近巴利語。巴利佛教所屬的上座部,其根據地即是西部印度優禪尼為主的地方,且其附近地區發現的刻文也與巴利語相近。並且,把上座部佛教傳入錫蘭的摩哂陀長老,據說生於優禪尼,並在這裡出家
File:A_Pali_Manuscript_in_Nepal.jpg|尼泊爾收藏的巴利語貝葉經,用一種起源自笈多文的書寫律藏,9世紀。
File:Myittha-inscription-Pâli.png|密沙鎮的(巴利語石面),刻於1079年。
File:Myazedi-Inscription-Pali.JPG|古彪基佛塔的妙色底石碑(巴利語石面),刻於1113年。
File:201704051118f_HNM,_Lamphun,_Wat_Don_Kaew_Inscription,_A_Mon_L_Mon_%2B_Pali,_12th_Cent.,_Wat_Don_Kaew,_Muang_District,_Lamphun.jpg|收藏的12世紀石碑,用古孟文字母書寫孟語和巴利語。
File:The Cullavagga manuscript of the Colombo National Museum.jpg|收藏於可倫坡國家博物館的巴利語貝葉經,用僧伽羅字母書寫律藏,出自13世紀。
File:Suvannasama Jataka in Khom Thai script.jpg|大英博物館收藏的巴利語佛教經文,用泰國高棉文書寫本生故事,出自18世紀。
File:MET_89_2_2157.jpeg|大都會藝術博物館收藏的巴利語─緬文貝葉經Kammavācā,出自18世紀。
File:Mahābodhivaṃsa_fol._1v-2r.jpg|巴利語《摩訶菩提樹的歷史》,用僧伽羅字母書寫,講述菩提樹到達斯里蘭卡的歷史,抄寫於19世紀。
File:010_Dhammapada_Page_1,_Kuthodaw_(8919103030).jpg|固都陶佛塔的石刻經書,完成於1868年。圖為用緬文書寫的巴利語法句經。
File:Burmese-Pali Manuscript. Wellcome L0026547.jpg|三種不同樣式的緬文字體,書寫巴利語。上排方直,中排渾圓,下排紅邊金底。
File:Sanskrit-Pali_Faulmann_Gesch_T10.jpg|出自的《圖解寫作史》。上半部為印度教的梵語讚神詞,下半部為佛教的巴利語─緬文貝葉經Kammavācā。
File:Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift (Faulmann) 523.jpg|巴利語-緬甸,字體對照表-1
File:Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift (Faulmann) 524.jpg|巴利語-緬甸,字體對照表-2
File:Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift (Faulmann) 525.jpg|巴利語-緬甸,字體對照表-3
File:Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift (Faulmann) 560.jpg|巴利語-泰國,字體對照表-1
File:Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift (Faulmann) 561.jpg|巴利語-泰國,字體對照表-2
File:Illustrirte_Geschichte_der_Schrift_(Faulmann)_554.jpg|巴利語-緬甸,古代字體對照
File:L’Alphabet Pali, planche 5, page 12.jpg|巴利語古代字體對照
參見
*巴利語語法
- 巴利文獻
- IAST
*ITRANS
註釋
參考文獻
- See entries for "Pali"(written by of the Pali Text Society)and "India--Buddhism" in The Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion,(Sawyer ed.)
*
*
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延伸閱讀
- Gupta, K. M.(2006). Linguistic approach to meaning in Pali. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.
- Müller, E.(2003). The Pali language: a simplified grammar. Trubner's collection of simplified grammars. London: Trubner.
- Oberlies, T., & Pischel, R.(2001). Pāli: a grammar of the language of the . Indian philology and South Asian studies, v. 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
- Hazra, K. L.(1994). Pāli language and literature: a systematic survey and historical study. Emerging perceptions in Buddhist studies, no. 4-5. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld.
- American National Standards Institute.(1979). American National Standard system for the romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali. New York: The Institute.
- Soothill, W. E., & Hodous, L.(1937). A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
外部連結
- [http://manager.huafan.xin:9090/install/IME_BALI_PC/1.0.1/PaliIME.exe 巴利文输入法 北京馨逸文化传播有限公司]
- Pali Text Society, London. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/ The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary] . Chipstead, 1921-1925.
- [http://fsnow.com/text/buddhist-india/chapter9.htm Buddhist India by T.W. Rhys Davids, chapter IX, Language and Literature]
- [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pli Pali at Ethnologue]
- [http://www.palitext.com/ Pali Text Society]
- [http://www.tipitaka.org Free searchable online database of Pali literature, including the whole Canon]
- [http://pali.pratyeka.org/ Eizel Mazard's excellent website] on Pali resources, including
** [http://www.pratyeka.org/pali/ Resources for reading & writing Pāli in indigenous scripts: Burmese, Sri Lankan, & Cambodian]
** [http://www.pratyeka.org/narada/ A textbook to teach yourself Pali (by Narada Thera)]
** [http://www.pratyeka.org/duroiselle/ A reference work on the grammar of the Pali language (by G Duroiselle)]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411164152/http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/ Complete Pāli Canon in romanized Pali and Sinhala, mostly also in English translation]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20030601154657/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/index.html Pāli Canon selection]
- [http://accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bullitt/learningpali.html A guide to learning the Pāli language]
- [http://www.vri.dhamma.org/publications/pali/primer/ "Pali Primer" by Lily De Silva (requires installation of special fonts)]
- [http://www.saigon.com/~anson/uni/u-palicb/e00.htm "Pali Primer" by Lily De Silva (UTF-8 encoded)]
- [http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/ele_pali.pdf Free/Public-Domain Elementary Pāli Course--PDF format]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513070049/http://orunla.org/tm/pali/htpali/pcourse.html Free/Public-Domain Pāli Course--html format]
- [http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/paligram.pdf Free/Public-Domain Pāli Grammar (in PDF file)]
- [http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/palidict.pdf Free/Public-Domain Pāli Buddhist Dictionary (in PDF file)]
- [http://wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page:Pali Comprehensive list of Pāli texts on Wikisource]
- [http://www.metta.lk/pali-utils/Pali-Proper-Names/index.html Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names] , HTML version of the book by G.P. Malalasekera, 1937-8
- [http://sourceforge.net/projects/palireader Pali Text Reader (software)]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311232843/http://www.jainworld.com/scriptures/ Jain Scriptures]
- [http://help.com/wiki/P%C4%81li Pali help at Help.com Wiki]
- [http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/programs/pali-class-online.html "A Course in the Pali Language,"] audio lectures by based on Gair & Karunatilleke (1998).
- [http://www.bps.lk/other_library/pdf_pali_tables.zip Pali Conjugation and Declension Tables for Students]
- [http://www.bps.lk/other_library/reference_table_of_pali_literature.pdf Comprehensive Reference Table of Pali Literature]
- [http://dhamma.sutta.org/pali-course/index.htm 巴利文词典及学习专题]
- [http://dictionary.sutta.org/zh_TW/ 巴利字典]
- [http://tipitaka.sutta.org/en_US/ Online Pāḷi Tipiṭaka]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005326/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/pali-chin.ddbc.pdf 簡明巴英字典中譯數位版] 從 A. P. Buddhadatta的Concise Pali-English Dictionary 中譯
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