法醫昆蟲學

法醫昆蟲學(),為應用昆蟲及其他自然科學的理論與技術,研究並解決司法實踐中有關昆蟲問題的一門科學。

在自然界中,昆蟲不僅取食動物的屍體,還在其屍體中活動,促使大量微生物進入屍體,使之加速崩潰。為法醫昆蟲學一切工作的基礎。

歷史
由宋朝法醫學家宋慈在淳祐七年(1247年)成書的法醫學案例著作《洗冤集錄》含括了已知最古老的法醫昆蟲學案件。該謀殺案於端平二年(1235年)發生,一名村民被人用刀刺死。仵作們認為死者的創傷是由鐮刀造成的,而鐮刀是種在收穫季節用於割稻的工具,這一事實使他們懷疑同伴農工涉有重嫌。地方縣令將村民都聚集在衙門廣場,以便暫時收繳鐮刀。幾分鐘內,一大群蒼蠅循著人類無法識別的血跡氣味而來,圍著一把鐮刀,對其他的不屑一顧。很顯然地,該鐮刀的所有者便是罪魁禍首,後來該農工被捕快拿下後請求寬恕。

屍蟲的工作
根據法醫人類學家李衍蒨文章〈[https://www.cup.com.hk/2021/06/28/winsome-lee-muscomorpha/ 昆蟲學二三事] 〉,人類屍體為其體內的酵素及細菌提供食物,更是昆蟲及動物的盛宴。而蒼蠅多半會於人體死亡後的數小時內找到屍體所在。「母蠅會因為偵測到屍體發出的味道而趕到產卵,特定品種的蒼蠅會在屍體的傷口,或帶有水分而空氣接觸得到的部分產卵,孵化後便成為有屍蟲之稱的蛆蟲(maggots),亦即蒼蠅幼蟲(larvae)。」(李衍蒨,2017年)

屍蟲的種類
根據法醫人類學家李衍蒨文章〈[https://www.cup.com.hk/2021/06/28/winsome-lee-muscomorpha/ 昆蟲學二三事] 〉,在屍體上常見的蒼蠅品種有麻蠅(Sarcophagidae),麗蠅(Calliphoridae) ,黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)。

麻蠅(Sarcophagidae)
「俗稱肉蠅,通常會在有腐肉、糞便或任何正在腐敗的物質上產下幼蟲,極少在傷口上產蛆。」(李衍蒨,2017年)

麗蠅(Calliphoridae)
「最先與屍體接觸的昆蟲,可以在 1.6 公里以外的地方聞到屍體的氣味。雌性的麗蠅會在產卵前進食腐肉,繼而出現在屍體周遭。牠們每次產卵超過 100 顆,一生約可產下 2,000 顆,產下的卵看上去很像米粒或一堆堆的飯糰。麗蠅有綠色、藍色及黑色,觸角有光芒。由卵孵化成麗蠅幼蟲約需最多一天的時間,並有 3 個發育階段。每個階段的身長都有明顯分別,亦會脫皮。由於牠們的體溫會受環境而改變,其生長速度亦因而受到影響。在室溫下,牠們從卵變成蛹大約需要一個星期,變成蛹前的幼蟲會離開屍體,並躲到屍體下面或屍體下的泥土待著,之後就會以麗蠅的姿態再次探索這個世界。」(李衍蒨,2017年)

黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)
「俗稱Black Soldier Fly,生存力強,強項是搶奪蛆蟲的食物 —— 腐肉,進而驅逐蠅蛆!」(李衍蒨,2017年)

註釋
參考文獻
*《法醫昆蟲學》,胡萃著,重慶出版社出版,2000年

  • Haskell, Neal H. (2006). "The Science of Forensic Entomology," in Forensic Science and Law: Investigative Applications in Criminal, Civil, and Family Justice, 431–440. Edited by Cyril H. Wecht and John T. Rago. Boca Raton: CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 0849319706.

延伸閱讀
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  • Spiralbound also aimed at professional entomologists, but shorter and with a popular style.

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  • A technical hardback designed for professional entomologists.

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外部連結
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071224014430/http://www.forensic-entomology.com/ www.forensic-entomology.com by Dr. Jason H. Byrd]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051024001529/http://new.eafe.org/ European Association for Forensic Entomology homepage]
*[http://wiki2.benecke.com/index.php?title=All_Mark_Benecke_Publications#Forensic_Entomology Collection of original articles about Forensic Entomology. Many downloadable illustrated pdf's of cases, including neglect cases.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050908013426/http://www.univie.ac.at/forensic-entomology/Daten_Fliegen.htm Institute of Forensic Entomology Vienna Click on the pictures for enlargements and graphs]
*[http://www.deathonline.net/decomposition/index.htm What happens to the body after death]
*[http://www.hbo.com:80/autopsy/forensic/the_body_farm.html Pastoral putrefaction down on the Body Farm: Autopsy, HBO Documentaries]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070314235823/http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/gmis9816.htm Dating Death Great Moments of Science]
*[http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/grants/194121.pdf DNA techniques for forensic entomology]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060912202523/http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/sphtm/antonbreinl/centers/vcrrc/Forensic.pdf pdf about forensic entomology Deon Canyon]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060819103256/http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/ento/forensic.htm Forensic Entomology page from Australia (Ian Dadour)]
*[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/technologies/blowfly.html Visible Proofs]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714131440/http://www.grassberger.org/medical-zoology/madentherapie.html Medical Zoology Pages]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020193920/http://deposit.d-nb.de/ep/netpub/84/40/41/983414084/_data_stat/ZA-BS-V9.PDF Survey on carrion-visiting beetles*] – Research into the fauna of carrion-visiting beetles in Erlangen, Bavaria (2006): Carrion is an ecosystem of its own. Diverse species of beetles – belonging to different guilds – arrive and depart from carrion at different times – succession occurs. The arrival time and growth rates of beetles inhabiting corpses depending on weather, location and type of carrion have been studied.
*[http://benecke.com/pdf/Benecke_A_brief_survey_of_the_history_of_forensic_entomology_Webversion.pdf History of Forensic Entomology (many illustrations)]
*[http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262009000200006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Diagnosis and Keys to South American Coleoptera of Forensic Importance]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119175704/http://www.clt.uwa.edu.au/__data/page/112507/fse07_forensic_entomology.pdf Forensic entomology - use of insects to help solve crime]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210636/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00217.x A Forensic Entomology Case from the Amazon Rain Forest of Brazil]
*[http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/WEATHER/ddretrieve.html Run models and calculate degree-days]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120943/http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/gdd/glossary.htm Growing Degree Days]
[http://www.grounds-mag.com Grounds Maintenance* magazine]
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