有罪不罰（）的意思是"exemption from punishment or loss or escape from fines"（免於處罰或損失或逃避罰款）。
在国际人权法中，有罪不罚是指未能将侵犯人权的肇事者绳之以法，因此，这本身就构成了对受害者寻求正义和补救的权利的否定。有罪不罚现象在缺乏法治传统、存在腐败或存在根深蒂固的庇护制度、司法系统薄弱或安全部队成员受到特殊管辖权或豁免权保护的国家尤其常见。有罪不罚有时被认为是否认历史罪行的一种形式。[2]
In the of , it refers to the failure to bring perpetrators of to justice and, as such, itself constitutes a denial of the victims' right to justice and . Impunity is especially common in countries that lack a tradition of the rule of law, suffer from or that have entrenched systems of , or where the is weak or members of the security forces are protected by special s or . Impunity is sometimes considered a form of of historical crimes. After the genocide, the 塞夫尔条约 required Turkey to allow the return of refugees and enable them to recover their properties. However, Turkey did not allow the return of refugees and . A secret annex to the 洛桑条约 (1923年) granted immunity to the perpetrators of the 亚美尼亚种族灭绝 and put an end to the . Hardly anyone was prosecuted for the systematic murder of hundreds of thousands of Armenians. According to historian , the failure to intervene and hold perpetrators accountable made the genocide the "double original sin" of the twentieth century.
人權原則
The amended **', submitted to the United Nations on 8 February 2005, defines impunity as:
2005年2月8日提交給聯合國人權委員會的經修訂的《通過打擊有罪不罰的行動保護和促進人權的一套原則》將有罪不罰定義為：
The First Principle of that same document states that:
該文件的第一原則指出：
有罪不罰是由於國家未能履行其調查侵權行為的義務；對肇事者採取適當措施，特別是在司法領域，確保那些涉嫌刑事責任的人受到起訴、審判和應有的懲罰；為受害者提供有效的補救措施，並確保他們獲得對所受傷害的賠償；確保了解侵權行為真相的不可剝奪的權利；並採取其他必要措施防止再次發生違規行為。
s are frequently established by nations emerging from periods marked by human rights violations – , s, s, etc. – in order to cast light on the events of the past. While such mechanisms can assist in the ultimate prosecution of crimes and punishment of the guilty, they have often been criticised for perpetuating impunity by enabling violators to seek protection of concurrently adopted s.
The primary goal of the 国际刑事法院罗马规约 of the 国际刑事法院, adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002, is "to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators" [...] "of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole".
参见
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*贪污
*国际刑事法院
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*國際人道法
*国际法
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*法律豁免權
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*现实政治
參考
外部鏈接
- [https://www.ictj.org/our-work/transitional-justice-issues/criminal-justice International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page]
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