黑腳語

黑脚语又称西克西卡语（Siksiká [[Help:IPA|[siksiká]]] / ），是北美洲原住民黑脚人使用的一种语言，属阿尔冈昆语族。

和其他阿尔冈昆语相比，黑脚语的音系和词汇较为特别。黑脚语的音系结构比较简单，音位较少，包含11个基础辅音和3个基础元音。黑脚语是一种高低重音语言。黑脚语的词素很多，单词内部结构十分复杂，被视为一种多式综合语，这和其他阿尔冈昆语的特点一致。

近年来，黑脚语的母语人口大幅减少，属于濒危语言。大部分的黑脚语词素的形式和含义之间是一一对应的，有着典型的黏着语特征；但亦有不少词素具有多义性，展现出屈折语特点。黑脚语名词和动词的词干都不可单独使用，而必须变换形式。由于其形态复杂，黑脚语的语序相当灵活。

音系
辅音
黑脚语有18个辅音，除, , 和 之外存在长短音的分立。

元音
单元音
黑脚语有三个基本的单元音。

短单元音存在同位异音现象， 和 在长辅音前分别变为 和 ；/i/ 在闭音节中变为。

• ai在长辅音前发音，在和前发（西克西卡方言为）音，在其他情况下发（凯奈方言）或（西克西卡方言）
• ao在前发音，在其他情况下发音。
• oi在长辅音前发[y]音，其他情况下发音。

长短音
黑脚语的辅音和元音都存在长短音的分立。长短元音仅在持续时间上有不同，因此/oo/音和/o/音同音，惟前者持续时间更长。

高低重音通常以锐音符或下划线来表示。长音以双写表示，如以aa表示/a:/。

亦有以加拿大原住民音節文字为基础的正字法。

参考资料
书目
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• Berman, H. (2006, April 1). Studies in Blackfoot Prehistory. Retrieved February 12, 2016,
• Bortolin, Leah and Sean McLennan. A Phonetic Analysis of Blackfoot. MS, University of Calgary, 1995.
• Denzer-King, R. (n.d.). Google Books. Retrieved February 12, 2016
• Derrick, D. (n.d.). Syllabification and Blackfoot. Retrieved February 10, 2016, from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180511002318/http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~donaldd/publications/proceedings_NWLC22_donald_derrick.pdf http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~donaldd/publications/proceedings_NWLC22_donald_der rick.pdf]
• Frantz, Donald G. and Norma Jean Russell. Blackfoot Dictionary of Stems, Roots, and Affixes, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017. (Second edition published 1995, ). (First edition published 1989, ).
• (Second edition published 1997, ).

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• , "The Adverbial and Prepositional Prefixes in Blackfoot", dissertation. Leiden, 1921

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• A Concise Blackfoot Grammar Based on Material from the Southern Peigans, New York: AMS, 1978. (Originally published 1938 by Hollandsche Uitgevers-Maatschappij, Amsterdam, in series Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Afdeeling Letterkunde. Nieuwe Reeks, Deel XLI)
• Uhlenbeck, C.C. An English-Blackfoot Vocabulary, New York: AMS, 1979. (Originally published 1930 in series: Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 29, No. 4)
• Uhlenbeck, C.C. and R.H. van Gulik. A Blackfoot-English Vocabulary Based on Material from the Southern Peigans, Amsterdam: Uitgave van de N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers-Jaatschapp-ij, 1934. (Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie Van WetenSchappen te Amsterdam. Afdeeling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, Deel XXXIII, No. 2)

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• Uhlenbeck, Christianus Cornelius. 1912. A new series of Blackfoot texts: from the southern Peigans Blackfoot Reservation Teton County Montana. (Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Afdeeling Letterkunde, N.R. 13.1.) Amsterdam: Müller. x+264pp. Retrieved from http://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/127554
• Uhlenbeck, Christianus Cornelius. 1938. A Concise Blackfoot Grammar. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers-Maatschappij. Retrieved from http://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/100587

外部链接

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130410212545/http://www.pieganinstitute.org/pieganindex.html Piegan Institute]
• [http://www2.umt.edu/ling/BLG/BlackfootDictionary/home.html Blackfoot Language Group, University of Montana]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150110020054/http://people.uleth.ca/~frantz/blkft.html Don Frantz's page on the Blackfoot language]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040404092448/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Blackfoot-english/ Blackfoot – English Dictionary]: from *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ Webster's Online Dictionary] – The Rosetta Edition.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716004650/http://www.saokioheritage.com/Blackfeet%20Language.html Blackfeet Language] at Saokio Heritage
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110621010914/http://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.org/ Blackfoot Digital Library.org]

*[https://www.jw.org/bla/ Biblical online study material (articles, publications, audio and video files) in Blackfoot language] by Jehovah's Witnesses

• [http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0611/p11s01-legn.html Tribal immersion schools rescue language and culture]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_tjHXozK3w&feature=autoplay&list=ULqAUgc5hHAHU&playnext=1 Teacher on use of Nintendo for Siksika instruction]
• [http://www.language-archives.org/language/bla OLAC resources in and about the Siksika language]
• Stocken, Harry W.G.: [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/aeu.ark:/13960/t8gf1h36n First ten chapters of St. Matthew's Gospel] = ᖳᐦᓱᒧᐧᖹᖽᐧᖹ ᒉᒧᔭ ᖲᐨᓱᖻᐟᑊᑯ (Akhsitsiniksini Matiyo otsinaihpi). Toronto?, 1888 ([http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1755.html Peel 1755] )
• http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/profile/15784/contributions