临界指数()是物理学中用来描述物理量在临界点附近行为的指数。尽管没有得到严格证明,实验表明临界指数具有普适性,与具体的物理系统无关,仅和系统维度、关联长度与自旋维度有关。
对于四维及以上的系统,可以通过平均场理论计算得到临界指数。但对于低维系统而言平均场理论不再适用,需使用重整化群方法进行研究。
定义
假设相变出现在临界温度处。为研究临界温度附近物理量 的行为,我们引入约化温度
:\tau := \frac{T-T_\mathrm{c}}{T_\mathrm{c}}
相变即发生于约化温度为0时。于是,可以定义临界指数k:
:k \, \stackrel{\text{def}}{=} \, \lim_{\tau \to 0}\frac{\log |f(\tau)| }{\log |\tau|}
相应的幂律关系为
: f(\tau) \propto \tau^k \,, \quad \tau\approx 0
这代表了时函数的渐近行为。更加普遍地,我们有
:f(\tau)=A \tau^k \left(1+b\tau ^{k_1} + \cdots\right)
参考文献
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