,開盒的一刻世界分裂。在這種解釋中,每一個事件都是一個分支點。]]
多世界詮釋(,缩写作 )是量子力學詮釋的一種。它是一個假定存在無數個平行世界并以此来解釋一個微觀世界的各種現象的量子論詮釋,其優點是不必考虑波函數塌縮。該理論也被稱為相對狀態提法、艾弗雷特诠释、普遍的波函數、多宇宙詮釋或多世界理論。
1957年,最初的相對狀態提法由美國量子物理學家休·艾弗雷特三世发表。后来在1960年代和1970年代,这一理論開始普及并由布莱斯·德维特更名为多世界理论。在多世界诠释中,波函數坍縮的主觀現象可用量子退相干機制來解釋。自1970年代以來,退相干方法在解释量子理论方面得到了进一步的探索和发展,因而相当受欢迎。多世界诠释是物理学和哲学的众多平行宇宙假说之一。除了多世界詮釋之外,目前主流的量子力學詮釋還包括其它的退相干詮釋、坍縮詮釋(又分客觀坍縮理論和傳統的哥本哈根詮釋)、隱變量理論(主要是非局域隱變量理論例如德布羅意-玻姆理論)等等。該詮釋旨在解釋,從而解決某些量子理論中的悖論,如EPR悖論和薛丁格貓悖論。
对共存状态崩溃的解释
当观测一个处于共存状态的量子时会引起这种共存状态的崩溃,从而使量子只顯現粒子的性质。多世界诠释认为观测时會分离出无数个平行宇宙,每一个宇宙都有一个确定的状态,而我们只是在其中的一个特定宇宙。
1957年,美國普林斯頓大學的休·艾弗雷特三世最早提出多世界理论德克萨斯大学的布莱斯·德威特(Bryce S. DeWitt)表示:“我仍然清晰地记得,当我第一次遇到多世界概念时所受到的震动。100个略有缺陷的自我複製,都在不停地分裂成进一步的複製,而最后面目全非。这个想法是很难符合常识的。”
艾弗雷特心灰意冷,退出理論物理界,在美國五角大廈武器系統評估組的防禦分析協會,主要研究核武與計算機。直至1960及1970年代,布莱斯·德维特重新提出多世界詮釋,它成为物理界热门的话题之一。
相關文化
在2026年發行的電玩遊戲茜塔和世界線悖論中,其遊戲內容玩法和該詮釋密切相關。
注释
参考文献
延伸閱讀
- Jeffrey A. Barrett, The Quantum Mechanics of Minds and Worlds, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
- Peter Byrne, The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III: Multiple Universes, Mutual Assured Destruction, and the Meltdown of a Nuclear Family, Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Jeffrey A. Barrett and Peter Byrne, eds., "The Everett Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: Collected Works 1955–1980 with Commentary", Princeton University Press, 2012.
- Julian Brown, Minds, Machines, and the Multiverse, Simon & Schuster, 2000, ISBN 0-684-81481-1
- Paul C.W. Davies, Other Worlds, (1980) ISBN 0-460-04400-1
- James P. Hogan, The Proteus Operation (science fiction involving the many-worlds interpretation, time travel and World War 2 history), Baen, Reissue edition (August 1, 1996) ISBN 0-671-87757-7
- Adrian Kent, [http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.0624 One world versus many: the inadequacy of Everettian accounts of evolution, probability, and scientific confirmation]
- Andrei Linde and Vitaly Vanchurin, [http://arxiv.org/abs/0910.1589v1 How Many Universes are in the Multiverse?]
- A study of the painful three-way relationship between Hugh Everett, John A Wheeler and Niels Bohr and how this affected the early development of the many-worlds theory.
- Asher Peres, Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993.
- Mark A. Rubin, Locality in the Everett Interpretation of Heisenberg-Picture Quantum Mechanics, Foundations of Physics Letters, 14, (2001), pp. 301–322,
- David Wallace, Harvey R. Brown, Solving the measurement problem: de Broglie–Bohm loses out to Everett, Foundations of Physics,
- David Wallace, Worlds in the Everett Interpretation, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 33, (2002), pp. 637–661,
- John A. Wheeler and Wojciech Hubert Zurek (eds), Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton University Press, (1983), ISBN 0-691-08316-9
- Sean M. Carroll, Charles T. Sebens, Many Worlds, the Born Rule, and Self-Locating Uncertainty,
参见
外部連結
- [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/ Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics] - Jeffrey A. Barrett's article on Everett's formulation of quantum mechanics in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/ Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics] - Lev Vaidman's article on the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- [http://ucispace.lib.uci.edu/handle/10575/1060 Hugh Everett III Manuscript Archive (UC Irvine)] - Jeffrey A. Barrett, Peter Byrne, and James O. Weatherall (eds.).
- [http://www.hedweb.com/manworld.htm Michael C Price's Everett FAQ]—a clear FAQ-style presentation of the theory.
- [http://frombob.to/many.html The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics] - a description for the lay reader with links.
- [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9703089 Against Many-Worlds Interpretations by Adrian Kent]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403215217/http://www.mth.kcl.ac.uk/~streater/lostcauses.html#XII Many-Worlds is a "lost cause"] according to R. F. Streater
- [http://www.johnsankey.ca/qm.html The many worlds of quantum mechanics] John Sankey
- [http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/quantum.html Max Tegmark's web page]
- [http://www-physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/bp.PDF Henry Stapp's critique of MWI, focusing on the basis problem] Canadian J. Phys. 80,1043–1052 (2002).
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