抗生素抗藥性(antibiotic resistance)是抗藥性的一種形式,藉此特性,一些微生物亞群體,通常是細菌種,能夠在暴露於一或多種抗生素之下得以生存;對多種抗生素具抗藥性的病原體被視為具有(multidrug resistant,MDR),或更通俗地稱之超級細菌(superbugs)。微生物演化對抗生素產生抵抗力。
抗生素抗藥性是當代醫學一個日益嚴重的現象,已成為21世紀超級重要的公共健康議題之一,特別是因為它涉及到病原微生物(此術語特別指有關引起人類疾病的生物)。在最簡單的情況下,抗藥性的有機體可能獲得第一線抗生素的抵抗力,從而需要使用二線藥物。通常,選用第一線藥物是根據安全性、易取得和成本等的考量;二線藥物則通常是廣效的、有個不受歡迎的副作用、以及比較昂貴,或是情勢急迫,局部沒有效果。某些MDR病原體,相繼獲得第二、甚至第三線抗生素的抗藥性,典型的情況像是金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的院內感染。某些病原體如綠膿桿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)還具有高水準的內在抗藥性。
由於不斷增長的患病率和發病率,MDR病原菌通常用來代表陸續增加的常見縮寫:MRSA(抗藥性金黃色葡萄球菌,Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)大概是最有名的,但其他還有像是VISA(萬古黴素敏感性減低金黃色葡萄球菌,vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus)、VRSA(,vancomycin-resistant S. aureus)、ESBL(超廣效β-內醯胺酶,Extended spectrum beta-lactamase),VRE(抗萬古黴素腸球菌,Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus)、MRAB(多重抗藥性鮑氏不動桿菌,Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii), CRE(,Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae),都是顯著的例子。當院內感染壓倒性主導的情況下牽扯到MDR病原菌,多重抗藥性的感染也會在社區變得越來越普遍。
成因
自然發生
抗生素抗药性的提高与处方抗生素的量以及服用抗生素时的剂量不足有关。抗生素处方不当归因于多种原因,例如医生因患者坚持使用抗生素而開立抗生素处方,归根到底还是因为他们没有时间解释为什么没有必要用抗生素。另一个原因可能是医生不知道何时开抗生素,或者由于医疗或法律原因过于谨慎。例如,70%至80%腹泻病例是由病毒病原体引起的,而抗生素对此无效。但是,尽管如此,仍有大约40%的病例尝试用抗生素治疗。在某些地区,甚至超过80%的此类病例都试图用抗生素治疗。
機制
耐藥菌
金黃色葡萄球菌
金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)
鏈球菌和腸球菌
化膿性鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)
抗萬古黴素腸球菌(Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus)
綠膿桿菌
多重抗藥性綠膿桿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
艱難梭菌
艱難梭菌(Clostridium difficile)
沙門氏菌和大腸桿菌
大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)和沙門氏菌(Salmonella)
鮑氏不動桿菌
鮑氏不動桿菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)
克雷伯肺炎桿菌
肺炎克雷伯氏菌(KP,K. pneumoniae)
結核桿菌
結核桿菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
參考來源
參考文獻
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參見
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- 克雷伯肺炎桿菌碳青黴烯酶KPC,K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (Class A),抗藥性基因
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- 新德里金屬-β-內酰胺酶1(NDM-1),抗藥性基因
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*(Journal of Hospital Infection)
外部連結
*[http://pharmaxchange.info/press/2011/02/animation-of-antimicrobial-resistance/ Animation of Antibiotic Resistance]
*[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_spotlight_2006.html CDC Article on Hospital Acquired MRSA]
*[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca.html CDC Article on Community Acquired MRSA]
*[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/mdroGuideline2006.pdf CDC Guideline "Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings, 2006"]
- [http://www.reactgroup.org/ ReAct Action on Antibiotic Resistance]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826193122/http://apua.org/ Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics]
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- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110510203323/http://www.bacteriophagetherapy.info/ Information about phage therapy – a possible alternative to antibiotics in case of resistant infections]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20131213040008/http://www.gmo-safety.eu/basic-info/288.once-necessary-undesirable.html Antibiotic-resistance genes as markers] Once necessary, now undesirable
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20071105214608/http://cbs5.com/health/local_story_025195614.html CBS Article on Phage Therapy and Antibiotic Resistance]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080610061943/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/safety_security/health_pandemics/hospital_infections_mrsa.html Hospitals: Breeding the Superbug] Article on MRSA infections in hospitals, Allianz Knowledge, by Valdis Wish, May 2008.
- [https://archive.today/20070701212012/http://www.eu-burden.info/burden/pages/home.php BURDEN of Resistance and Disease in European Nations - An EU-Project to estimate the financial burden of antibiotic resistance in European Hospitals ]
*[http://www.extendingthecure.org/ Extending the Cure: Policy Research to Extend Antibiotic Effectiveness ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071214142631/http://www.fda.gov/oc/antimicrobial/questions.html 2003 New Guidance for Industry on Antimicrobial Drugs for Food Animals Questions and Answers, U.S. FDA]
*[http://www.scidev.net/en/health/antibiotic-resistance/ SciDev.net Antibiotic Resistance spotlight] The Science and Development Network is an online science and development network focused on news and information important to the developing world
- [http://www.dobugsneeddrugs.org/ Do Bugs Need Drugs?]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109151918/http://www.pharmaceutical-int.com/article/combating-drug-resistance.html Combating Drug Resistance] - Tackling drug resistance in bacteria and other pathogens.
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513461/nanoparticle-disguised-as-a-blood-cell-fights-bacterial-infection/?utm_campaign=newsletters&utm_source=newsletter-daily-all&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20130415] Nanoparticles could treat antibiotic resistant infections.
*[http://www.carss.cn/Report/ 中国细菌耐药监测网的历年细菌耐药性监测报告]
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