吡虫啉

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| IUPACName =N-{1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl}nitramide
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益達胺（INN：imidacloprid）又名-{zh-hans:益达胺;zh-hk:益達胺;zh-tw:吡蟲啉}-，是新一代類尼古丁超高效殺蟲劑，也用作动物驱虫药，純品呈無色無味的晶體。主要破壞昆蟲的神經系統功能。對昆蟲具有广谱、高效、害虫不易产生抗性，对人、哺乳動物、植物和天敌則是低毒、低残留安全等特点。害虫接触药剂后，中枢神经正常传导受阻，使其麻痹死亡。

吡虫啉常与莫昔克丁（moxidectin）做成复方，用于预防和治疗犬猫的体内、外寄生虫感染，主要针对螨、蚤、虱、血管圆线虫和某些胃肠道线虫感染预防和治疗。

禁用
由於藥物會經由植物根部、葉面吸收後傳送到花朵、花粉中，所以對蜜蜂等傳粉昆蟲也具有強毒，嚴重影響農作物收成，已經逐步遭到禁用。2017年台灣將益達胺、（clothianidin）、噻虫嗪（thiamethoxam）三種類尼古丁農藥暫時取消使用在荔枝與龍眼上。

2018年6月歐盟決議全面禁用益達胺等三種類尼古丁殺蟲劑。歐盟法院在2018年5月宣判歐盟執委會2013年採「預警原則」禁止在招引蜜蜂的開花植物使用類尼古丁農藥有理，駁回農藥大廠拜耳與先正達的指控。

外部連結
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*[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13531.html] Declines in insectivorous birds are associated with high neonicotinoid concentrations
*[http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/haloxyfop-methylparathion/imidacloprid-ext.html Pesticide Information Profile] from Extension Toxicology Network
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120621213420/http://www.flora.org/healthyottawa/merit-pesticide-insecticide-grub.htm Breakdown Chart of Imidacloprid forming toxic 2-chloro pyridine]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070622092435/http://www.sierraclub.ca/national/programs/health-environment/pesticides/imidacloprid-fact-sheet.shtml Imidacloprid Fact Sheet, with 18 References, from the Sierra Club of Canada]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009223131/http://beekeeping.com/articles/us/imidacloprid_bayer.htm Bayer's "Expert Overview"]
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190609104046/https://www.thetreegeek.com/products/optrol/ The Tree Geek]

參考文獻