阿布·贝克尔·穆罕默德·扎卡里亚·拉齐（，Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī；），波斯医师、炼金术师、化学家、哲学家。他博学多才，为早期医学、化学、音乐和哲学领域做出很大贡献。医学方面，他发现天花与麻疹是两种不同的疾病，并最早阐明了过敏和免疫的原理。化学上，他发现乙醇，并认为元素嬗变为金银是可能的。他创立了完善的蒸馏和提取方法，并通过蒸馏绿矾（油）和石油，分别发现硫酸和煤油。一生著有200部书籍和文章，记载了他在各领域的探索。
参考文獻
擴展閱讀
第一手文獻
拉齊所作
*
- See for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.
- Paul Kraus, Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published.
*
他人所作
- Ibn Al-Nadim, Fihrist, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.
- , Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33
- Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78
- J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.
- Al-Biruni, Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936
- Al-Baihaqi, Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932
- Al-Qifti,Tarikh al-Hukama, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177
- Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, Vol. I, pp. 309–21
- Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291
- , Wafayat al-A'yan, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47
- Al-Safadi, Nakt al-Himyan, pp. 249–50
- Ibn Al-'Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, Vol. II, p. 263
- Al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).
第二手文獻
- G. S. A. Ranking, The Life and Works of Rhazes, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.
- Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1923, pp. 118–24.
- Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.
- Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47
- H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by in al-Insan al-Kamil,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).
- E. O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Vol. II, p. 181.
- S. Pines, Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.
- Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)
- Gamil Bek, Uqud al-Jauliar, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.
- Izmirli Haqqi, Ilahiyat, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.
- , Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.
- Hirschberg,Geschichte der Augenheilkunde, p. 101.
- E. G.Browne, Arabian Medicine, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.
- M. Meyerhof, Legacy of Islam, pp. 323 et seq.
- , Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher, ftn. 98.
- L. Leelerc, Histoire de la medicine arabe, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.
- H. P. J. Renaud, A propos du millenaire de Razes, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.
- A. Eisen, Kimiya al-Razi, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.
- Aldo Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.
- Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam, see. Razes: The Secret of Secrets, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: L'Alchemie arabe in Rased.
*
- , A History of Muslim Philosophy
- Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大学出版社, 61-94.(1992)
- Motazed, K. Mohammad Zakaria Razi
百科全書
*
- Encyclopaedie des Islams, s. v. (by Ruska).
外部連結
- [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H043 al-Razi on Islamic Philosophy Online] , encyclopedic article about al-Razi by the foremost academic expert Paul E. Walker.
- [http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam15.html Levity.com]
- [http://www.payvand.com/news/02/aug/1087.html Payvand.com]
- [http://books.google.com/books?id=QJb16_AAePkC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&source=web&ots=Kt-6aQ-tw6&sig=05JLfRddjgr6t32PQe4SHgCyZDY#PPA229,M1 Google Books Search] , "Doubt: A History" p. 229
- [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7476 "Lives of the Physicians"] , dating from 1882, features a biography, in Arabic, about Rhazes.
评论 (0)