擲硬幣

擲硬幣、擲銅板是一種把硬幣彈到空中，透過它落下來後所顯示的結果（落下來後是正面向上還是反面向上），來解決事情的一種方法。

硬币有两面，是一个天然的二进制系统，利用掷硬币人们可以得到一组随机的二进制数字，有些人會把它作为做判断的參考，例如球賽由哪一方先發球，或先選哪半邊場作賽。 罕見地，硬幣會立起來。

外部連結
[http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20040228/mathtrek.asp Heads or Tails?] (A discussion of the predictability of a coin toss; with references)*
[http://www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1697475.html The Not So Random Coin Toss] (Brief blurb about Persi Diaconis' work, with a photograph of the coin-tossing machine)*
[http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~susan/papers/headswithJ.pdf Dynamical Bias in the Coin Toss] (by Persi Diaconis, Susan Holmes, and Richard Montgomery; very detailed)*
[https://web.archive.org/web/20040417063351/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/309508.htm Whether divination by drawing lots is unlawful?] (From the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas)*
[https://web.archive.org/web/20040423191952/http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/essays/casting_of_lots/casting.html The Casting of Lots] (Discussion of making decisions by chance outcomes throughout history)*
[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CoinTossing.html Coin Tossing — mathworld.com] (Contains information about counterintuitive properties of coin tossing)*
[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708070101/http://stat.stanford.edu/~cgates/PERSI/index.html Persi Diaconis' website] — including the paper Dynamical Bias in the Coin Toss* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318132942/http://stat.stanford.edu/~cgates/PERSI/papers/headswithJ.pdf PDF]
*[http://www.random.org/flip.html Random.org: flip a virtual coin]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090619113140/http://www.flip-coin.com/ Flip-Coin.com: Simple web app to flip a virtual coin]
*[http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/LeadsInCoinTossing/ Leads in Coin Tossing] by Fiona Maclachlan, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.