霍華德·S·貝克爾

{{Infobox academic
| name = 霍华德·S·贝克尔
| image = Howard-S.-Becker-EHESS.JPG
| alt =
| caption = 2012年
| birth_name = 霍华德·索尔·贝克尔
| birth_date =
| birth_place = 伊利诺伊州芝加哥
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = 豪伊·贝克尔
| spouse = 戴安娜·哈格曼，亦出版了多部关于社会学写作风格和方法论的著作。他虽常被归为符号互动论者和社会建构主义者，但始终与这两种思想保持批判性距离。

生平
早年生活与教育
贝克尔生于犹太家庭。根据贝克尔自述，二战期间，由于大部分18岁以上的音乐家被征入伍，他得以以半职业身份从事音乐工作。入学后的贝克尔仍然从事半职业钢琴演奏。他自陈一度视音乐为主业，而视社会学为爱好。

贝克尔大部分早期著作深受芝加哥学派看重高质量数据分析以及携手芝加哥市政当局共同从事研究的传统影响，亦曾于一年内在欧洲待过三四个月，其中大部分时间在巴黎。

2004年，社会学家阿兰·佩森（Alain Pessin）出版了《Un sociologue en liberté: Lecture d'Howard S. Becker》一书，分析和阐释了贝克尔的思想。

2023年8月16日，贝克尔在旧金山去世，享年95岁。

贡献
越轨社会学与标签理论
虽然贝克尔本人常称自己并非越轨行为学专家，但其相关著作常被研究越轨行为的社会学家和犯罪学家引用。

贝克尔研究大麻文化的研究灵感一方面源于阿尔弗雷德·林德史密斯（Alfred Lindesmith）的著作《Opium Addiction》（1968年更新再版名为《Addiction and Opiates》 ），因为标签理论也认为越轨并非个人的先天特质，相关概念的出现乃是人为对某些行为进行定义使然。在1986年的《Writing for Social Scientists》，贝克尔向对社会学写作有兴趣的人给出了建议。在一次采访中，贝克尔指出糟糕的社会学写作与当前学学者存在问题的理论表达脱不了干系。另外，他还建议要用系统性的数据和精确的分析来支撑研究。

著作《Telling About Society》被认为是贝克尔的第三部写作指南。

注释
参考书目
书籍
*Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School with Blanche Geer, Everett C. Hughes and Anselm Strauss (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961).
*The Other Side: Perspectives on Deviance. ed. Becker, Howard S. (New York:The Free Press, 1964).
*Making the Grade: The Academic Side of College Life with Blanche Geer and Everett C. Hughes (New York: Wiley, 1968). New edition (1995) with new introduction.
*Sociological Work: Method and Substance. (Chicago: Adline, 1970) collected papers, including two previously unpublished: "On Methodology" and "Field Work Evidence."
*Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. (New York: The Free Press, 1963).
*Exploring Society Photographically. (Mary & Leigh Block Gallery, 1981).
*Art Worlds. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).
*Writing for Social Scientists. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986, Second Edition, 2007).
*Doing Things Together: Selected Papers, (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1986).
*Tricks of the Trade: How to Think about Your Research While You're Doing It (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/041247.html Excerpt]
*Telling About Society. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
*Do You Know . . . ? The Jazz Repertoire in Action (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), with Robert R. Faulkner. [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/239217.html Excerpt] .
*Thinking Together: An E-mail Exchange and All That Jazz (Los Angeles: USC Annenberg Press, 2013), with Robert R. Faulkner.
*What About Mozart? What About Murder? (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).
*Evidence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017).
*Qu'est-ce qu'un cas? Explorer les fondements de l'enquête en sciences sociales (Basel: Schwabe, 2021), with Charles C. Ragin. ISBN 978-3-7965-4173-5

文章
来源：
;1951年–1994年

• "The Professional Dance Musician and his Audience," American Journal of Sociology 57:2 (September 1951), pp. 136–144
• "Modest Proposals for Graduate Programs in Sociology," with Bernard Beck, pp. 227–34 in American Sociologist:4 (August 1969).
• "Social Science in the Work of Hans Haacke" with John Walton, pp. 145–52 in Hans Haacke, Framing and Being Framed, New York: New York University, 1976.
• "Fieldwork with the Computer: Criteria for Assessing Systems," with Andrew Gordon and Robert LeBailly, pp. 16–33 in Qualitative Sociology, 7 (Spring–Summer, 1984).
• "Confusion of Values," originally published in French as "La Confusion de Valeurs," pp. 11–28 in Pierre-Michel Menger and Jean-Claude Passeron, eds., L'art de la recherche: Melanges, Paris: La Documentation Française, 1994.
• "Professionalism in Sociology: The Case of C. Wright Mills," pp. 175–87 in Ray Rist, editor, The Democratic Imagination: Dialogues on the Work of Irving Louis Horowitz, New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1994.
• "American Popular Song," pp. 9–18 in Ton Bevers, ed., Artists—Dealers—Consumers: On the Social World of Art, Hilversum: Verloren, 1994.
• "Children's Conceptions of Money: Concepts and Social Organization," in Social Organization and Social Process, David Maines, ed., Aldine Publishing Co., 1991, pp. 45–57.
• "Consciousness, Power and Drug Effects," Society, 10 (May 1973) pp. 26–31. A longer version appears in The Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, 6 (January–March 1974) pp. 67–76

; 1995年–2004年

• "Visual Evidence: A Seventh Man, the Specified Generalization, and the Work of the Reader" Visual Studies, (2002) 17, pp. 3–11.
• "Studying the New Media," Qualitative Sociology 25 (3), 2002, pp. 337–43
• "Drugs: What Are They?" (Published in French as "Les drogues: que sont-elles?," pp. 11–20 in Howard S. Becker, ed., Qu'est-ce qu'une drogue?, Anglet: Atlantica, 2001)
• "The Etiquette of Improvisation ," Mind, Culture, and Activity, 7 (2000), pp. 171–76 and 197–200.
• "The Chicago School, So-Called," Qualitative Sociology, 22 (1), 1999, pp. 3–12.
• "Talks Between Teachers," (with Shirah Hecht), Qualitative Sociology, 20 (1997), pp. 565–79.
• "Hypertext Fiction," pp. 67–81 in M. Lourdes Lima dos Santos, Cultura & Economia, Lisbon: Edicões do Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1995.
• "The Power of Inertia," Qualitative Sociology 18 (1995), pp. 301–309.

; 2004年–2007年

• "ASA Convention," Social Psychology Quarterly, (2007) 4, pp. cover, 1–2.
• "How we deal with the people we study: 'The Last Seminar' revisited," pp. 26–36 in David Downes, et al. eds., Crime, Social Control and Human Rights, Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2007
• "The Jazz Repertoire." Enonciation artistique et socialité. Edited by Jean-Philippe Uzel (Harmattan: Paris 2006), pp. 243–51.
• "The Lay Referral System: The Problem of Professional Power," Knowledge, Work and Society, (2006) 4, pp. 65–76.
• "A Dialogue on the Ideas of 'World' and 'Field' with Alain Pessin," Sociological Forum, 21 (2006), pp. 275–86.
• "The Jazz Repertoire," with Robert R. Faulkner, Sociologie de l'art (2005), pp. 15–24.
• "Inventer chemin faisant: comment j'ai écrit Les mondes de l'art" ("Making it up as you go along: How I Wrote Art Worlds,") pp. 57–73 in Daniel Mercure, ed., L'analyse du social: Les modes d'explication, Quebec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2005.
• "Jazz Places," pp. 17–27 in Andy Bennett and Richard A. Peterson, eds., Music Scenes: Local, Translocal, and Virtual, Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004; and in French in Sociologie et Societé, 2004.

; 2008年至今

• "Learning to Observe in Chicago", in Jean Peneff, Le goût de l'observation (Paris: La Découverte, 2009), pp. 60–61, 76–77 and 126-27 (en français).
• "Twenty Three Thoughts About Youth". La marque jeune, edited by Marc-Olivier Gonseth, Yann Laville and Grégoire Mayor (Neuchâtel: Musée d'ethnographieNeuchâtel).
• "Studying Something You Are Part of: The View From the Bandstand", Ethnologie Française, XXXVIII (2008), pp. 15–21.
• "In San Francisco, when my neighborhood experiences pandemics", Socioscapes. International Journal of Societies, Politics and Cultures, (2022), 2(1), 176–179.

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