:典型的長腿、深胸與狹窄腰部的視覺獵犬]]
視覺獵犬(英語:Sighthounds,亦稱為gazehounds)是一類獵犬型犬種,主要依靠視覺與速度進行狩獵,有別於依靠嗅覺與耐力的嗅覺獵犬。
外觀
比例]]
這些犬專精於追逐獵物,保持在視線內,並依靠極高的速度與敏捷壓制之。牠們必須能快速偵測動態,因此擁有敏銳的視覺。視覺獵犬需要能捕捉敏捷且速度快的獵物,例如鹿與野兔,因此牠們擁有極具彈性的背部與長腿以支撐大步幅,深胸腔以容納相較其他犬種而言異常巨大的心臟,極高效率的肺部可同時支援無氧運動與有氧運動衝刺,並有著輕盈纖細的身體以減少體重。視覺獵犬擁有獨特的解剖與生理特徵,推測是因人類針對速度與視覺狩獵所進行的選育;實驗室研究已建立視覺獵犬的血液學與血清生化指標參考範圍,其中部分特徵為所有視覺獵犬共有,部分則可能為特定犬種所獨有。
典型的視覺獵犬犬種有著輕盈纖細的頭部,比例上屬於長頭型。這種形狀會讓頭部看起來比實際更長。灰狼與其他犬科動物多屬長頭型或中頭型,但某些家犬因人類在過去一萬二千年的人工選育而變成短頭型。 長頭型犬具有更寬廣的視野,但雙眼重疊區較小,因此在部分視野中立體視覺可能較短頭型犬差;且大多數甚至所有犬隻的視覺敏銳度都不如其祖先——狼。 目前並無科學依據能證實視覺獵犬的視覺敏銳度高於其他犬種。然而,愈來愈多證據顯示,長頭型犬由於在「視覺帶」區域擁有更多的視網膜神經節細胞,對水平視野中的物體與快速運動保持更高敏感度。
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歷史
像是薩路基犬/斯盧吉犬型(Saluki/Sloughi type,兩者皆以塞琉古帝國命名)這類的視覺獵犬,可能至少已存在了5,000年。最早被推測為視覺獵犬的遺骸,是一隻肩高約54公分的雄犬,其體型可與薩路基犬相比,出現在泰爾布拉克(Tell Brak)的考古發掘中,年代約為距今4,000年前。
歐洲最早對視覺獵犬及其工作方式的完整描述,為凱爾特人的「凱爾特視覺獵犬」(vertragus),其記錄來自西元2世紀羅馬統治時期的西班牙,出現在阿里安(Arrian)的著作《狩獵論》(Cynegeticus)中。
另一種類似型態、可能為中等體型的雄性視覺獵犬,其肩高約為61–63公分,年代大致相同,被稱為「沃明頓羅馬犬」(Warmington Roman dog),其描述來自於英格蘭發現的一具保存良好的骨骼。
年代為西元8至9世紀的「纖細型」(gracile)視覺獵犬骨骼,解剖學上被定義為肩高約70公分(28英吋)的「靈緹犬」,其基因與現代靈緹犬及其他視覺獵犬進行比較後,結果顯示與現代靈緹犬幾乎完全相同,僅在DNA序列中出現四處缺失與一處替換,這些差異被解釋為該型視覺獵犬在 11 個世紀育種過程中所產生的變化。
族群基因體分析顯示,真正的視覺獵犬是由原生犬隻獨立起源,並在不同犬種之間廣泛混血,支持視覺獵犬具有多重起源的假說。
儘管現今多數視覺獵犬主要作為寵物飼養,但其中一些犬種可能已被培育了數千年,用以偵測獵物的動作,隨後追逐、捕捉並主要依靠速度將其殺死。牠們非常需要體能活動。有些個性溫和,另一些則對陌生人保持警戒,甚至表現出敵意,但追逐奔跑動物的本能依然十分強烈。
除了追逐競賽(coursing)與狩獵之外,純種視覺獵犬,以及有時包括獵場犬(lurcher)與長犬(longdog),也會參與各種犬類運動,例如賽狗、誘餌追逐(lure coursing)及其他相關賽事。
視覺獵犬品種列表
視覺獵犬混種類型
有爭議的品種(起源上非視覺獵犬功能)
一些犬種或犬類並非單純依靠速度與視覺來狩獵,以及一些非狩獵犬種,目前正被犬舍俱樂部、或誘捕及實地追逐俱樂部,正式或非正式地認定為視覺獵犬。 這些包括:
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- 巴辛吉犬
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- 伊比薩獵犬(Podenco Ibicenco)
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- 法老獵犬(Kelb tal-fenek)
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犬舍俱樂部分類
在參加外貌展覽會比賽時,大多數英語國家的犬舍俱樂部(包括美國犬業俱樂部與英國犬舍俱樂部)會將純種視覺獵犬歸類至與嗅覺獵犬相同的獵犬組,;國際犬業聯盟則將牠們歸類於專屬的視覺獵犬組,;而聯合犬舍俱樂部則將牠們歸類於「視覺獵犬與原始犬組」。
另見
- 狗的種類
- 獵犬
- 狩獵犬
- 嗅覺獵犬
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
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外部連結
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