集體住宅

海德蘭地區的高品質集體住宅]]
晨邊區，擁有獨特窗楣的集體住宅]]
集體住宅（又称集合住宅，）是一種由多個家庭共享的建築，通常為每層多戶的結構，由共享走廊與樓梯連結。此類住宅源自於中古時代的堡地（一種允許租賃者自行建築物業的土地產權形式）的「保有權」（）被允許進一步分割的時代，最早出現於蘇格蘭。是英語「」之詞源與歐洲現代公寓產權制度之濫觴 ，條件稍好的公寓則用「Apartments」指代。
與第107街交匯處的集體住宅，現址為高中。]]

歷史
的「葛萊史東蘭(Gladstone's Land)」宅]]
在中古晚期，囿於城墻與財政惡化，愛丁堡城内的堡地保有權被默許分割。隨著人口增長，保有權被默許進一步分割，被視作「彼此堆曡的房屋」、每戶擁有獨立保有權的集合住宅出現。「堆曡」至11層以上甚爲常見，時人為之驚嘆。雖然其中絕大多數居住條件乏善可陳，但亦有如「葛萊史東蘭」這樣的精品住宅。隨著時間推移，「對保有權分割的默許」與業主在共享空間和修繕維護的默契逐漸演變為法律。

集體住宅另一個早期源頭是位於威爾斯斯萬西的莫里斯城堡，一座約翰·莫里斯爵士在十七世紀末產業革命興盛時規劃建造的工人家庭集體住宅。但位於臺地不甚理想的選址令該物業乏人問津，后因當地采礦活動帶來的地質影響於1850年廢棄。

參注
標注
參考文獻
Bauman, John F. "Introduction: The Eternal War on the Slums," From Tenements to the Taylor Homes: In Search of an Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth-Century America*, ed. John F. Bauman, Roger Biles, and Kristin M. Szylvian, University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 2000, , pp. 1–17.
Elkins, T. H. with Hofmeister, B. Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City*, London/New York: Methuen, 1988,
Girouard, Mark. Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History*, New Haven, Connecticut/London: Yale University, 1985,
Plunz, Richard A. "On the Uses and Abuses of Air: Perfecting the New York Tenement, 1850–1901," Berlin/New York: Like and Unlike: Essays on Architecture and Art from 1870 to the Present*, ed. Josef Paul Kleihues and Christina Rathgeber, New York: Rizzoli, 1993, , pp. 159–79.
Riis, Jacob. The Children of the Poor: A Child Welfare Classic*, Pittsburgh: TCB Classics, 2018 [1892],
Worbs, Dietrich. "The Berlin Mietskaserne and Its Reforms," Berlin/New York*, pp. 144–57.

延申閲讀
書籍

• Huchzermeyer, Marie. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/Tenement-cities-:-from-19th-century-Berlin-to-21st-century-Nairobi/oclc/719863593 Tenement cities: from 19th century Berlin to 21st century Nairobi] , Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2011, .
• Kearns, Kevin C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4TAQAAIAAJ Dublin Tenement Life: An Oral History of the Dublin Slums], Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1994, repr. 2006, .
• Lubove, Roy. [https://academic.oup.com/psq/article-abstract/79/2/293/7272184?login=true The Progressives and the Slums: Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1890–1917] , Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1963, .
• Worsdall, Frank. [https://wellcomecollection.org/works/s6dfyhfd The Tenement: A Way of Life: A Social, Historical and Architectural Study of Housing in Glasgow] , Glasgow: W. and R. Chambers, 1979, .

史料

• Polland, Annie. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_jewish_history/v098/98.2.polland.html "Ivory Towers and Tenements: American Jewish History, Scholars and the Public,"] American Jewish History 98 (2014) 41-47: how museums interpret the tenements in New York City.
• Steinberg, Adam. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2012.34.2.79 "What we talk about when we talk about food: Using food to teach history at the Tenement Museum,"] Public Historian 34.2 (2012) 79-89.