火衛一計畫

火衛一計畫 () 是一項苏联太空计划，該計畫由兩顆無人空間探測器組成，以探測火星及其的衛星(火衛一和火衛二)。火衛一1號和火衛一2號分別在1988年7月7日和1988年7月12日使用質子K型運載火箭發射。

火衛一1號在前往火星的途中失聯。導致太陽能板無法再對準太陽，從而耗盡了電池電量。

Software instructions to turn off the probe's attitude control, normally a fatal operation, were part of a routine used when testing the spacecraft on the ground. Normally this routine would be removed before launch. However, the software was coded in PROMs, and so removing the test code would have required removing and replacing the entire computer. Because of time pressure from the impending launch, engineers decided to leave the command sequence in, though it should never be used. However, a single-character error in constructing an upload sequence resulted in the command executing, with subsequent loss of the spacecraft.

火衛一2號
火衛一2號在1988年7月12日使用質子K型運載火箭發射，並於1989年1月29日進入火星軌道。1989年1月29日，火衛一2號巡航階段和火星軌道插入階段成功，並收集了有關太陽、行星際介質、火星和火衛一的數據。火衛一2號號探測了火星表面和大氣層及傳回了37張分辨率高達 40 米的火衛一圖像，火衛一2號在準備著陸器着陸之前失去聯繫。
系統和科學儀器
Phobos probes carried several instruments: solar x-ray and ultraviolet telescopes, a neutron spectrometer and the Grunt radar experiment designed to study the surface relief of Phobos.
The lander had an x-ray/alpha spectrometer to provide information on the chemical element composition of the surface of Phobos, a seismometer to determine the internal structure of Phobos, and the "Razrez" penetrator with temperature sensors and an accelerometer for testing the physical and mechanical properties of the surface.

The Phobos 2 infrared spectrometer (ISM) obtained 45000 spectra in the near infrared (from 0.75 to 3.2 μm) in the equatorial areas of Mars, with a spatial resolution ranging from 7 to 25 km, and 400 spectra of Phobos at 700 m resolution. These observations made it possible to retrieve the first mineralogical maps of the planet and its satellite, and to study the atmosphere of Mars. ISM was developed at IAS and DESPA (Paris Observatory) with support from CNES.

List of instruments:

• "VSK" TV imaging system
• PROP-F "hopping" lander. Only carried by Phobos 2.

**ARS-FP automatic X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
**ferroprobe magnetometer
**Kappameter magnetic permeability / susceptibility sensor
**gravimeter
**temperature sensors
**BISIN conductometer / tiltmeter
**mechanical sensors (penetrometer, UIU accelerometer, sensors on hopping mechanism)
*"DAS" (long-lived autonomous station) lander
**TV camera
**ALPHA-X Alpha-Proton-X-Ray Spectrometer
**LIBRATION Sun sensor (also known as STENOPEE)
**Seismometer
**RAZREZ anchor penetrometer
**Celestial mechanics experiment

• "ISM" thermal infrared spectrometer/radiometer - 1–2 km resolution
• near-infrared imaging spectrometer
• thermal imaging camera; magnetometers
• gamma-ray spectrometers
• X-ray telescope
• radiation detectors
• radar and laser altimeters
• Lima-D laser experiment - designed to vaporise material from the Phobos surface for chemical analysis by a mass spectrometer
• Automatic Space Plasma Experiment with Rotating Analyzer (ASPERA), an electron spectrometer and ion mass analyser from the Swedish Institute of Space Physics.
• "Grunt" imaging radar - Only carried by Phobos 1

后续
本計畫的设计方案后来再次被用于延期已久的火星96任务（探测目标改为火星），但该任务最终因运载火箭D2组级点火失败而告终。此外，同样旨在探测火卫一的福布斯-土壤任务也在2011年失败。迄今为止，还没有探测器能够完全成功地抵达火卫一。

參見

• 火星探測
• 火星探測任務列表
• 太空探索

參考資料
*

• Articles in Nature 341 (1989) pages 581 - 619

*[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/phobos.html Phobos Project Information (NASA NSSDC)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111010222505/http://astronautix.com/craft/fobos1f.htm Fobos 1F]
*[http://www.ias.u-psud.fr/ism/DRV_DATA/HTML/ISM/WELCOME.HTM ISM - Phobos-2 archive]
[http://mars-news.de/mr9/4209-75.html The Airport Terminal - also known as Mariner 9* #4209-75]
*
外部連結

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150717180620/http://www.strykfoto.org/phobos2.htm High quality processed images from the Phobos 2 mission]
• [http://www.iki.rssi.ru/IPL/phobos.html Phobos mission images from the Space Research Institute (IKI)]
• [http://www.ias.u-psud.fr/ism/ Raw image data from the Phobos 2 ISM infrared instrument]
• [http://www.federalspace.ru/Doc1Show.asp?DocID=16 What we are searching for on Phobos] - an article on the Phobos program at the Web site of the Russian Space Agency
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060316104137/http://www.astrosurf.com/nunes/explor/explor_ph2.htm Another site with processed images from the Soviet Phobos 2 mission]