皇冠

的帝国皇冠，皇冠的正面镶有（黑王子红宝石和库里南二世钻石）]]
皇冠（）是包括皇帝在内等拥有帝号的君主于加冕礼等场合下穿戴的一种冠冕。

设计
中世纪时代的欧洲冠冕在设计和风格上各有不同：

During the Middle Ages the crowns worn by English kings had been described as both closed (or arched) and open designs. This was in contrast with kings of France who always wore an open crown. However, there is academic debate on how often closed crowns were used in England during this period, as the first unequivocal use of the closed crown was by Henry IV of England at his coronation on 13 October 1399. However his effigy on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral wears an open crown, so the link in England between the style of the crown and its representation as that worn by a king and an emperor was not established. The use of a closed crown may have been adopted by the English as a way of distinguishing the English crown from the French crown, but it also had other meanings to some. For example, Henry V of England wore a helmet-crown of the arched type at the Battle of Agincourt which the French knight St. Remy commented was "like the imperial crown".

The association of the closed crown with imperial crowns was already established in Continental Europe by the late 14th century, for example the florins minted for Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor) sometimes show him with a closed crown (though on the commoner variety, the crown is open). A miniature picture in the Chronica Aulae Regiae written in the great abbey outside Prague depicts his mother Elizabeth, a queen of Bohemia, wearing an open crown, while his two wives, who had imperial titles, have closed ones.

During the machinations that surrounded the introduction of the imperial crown under Henry VIII (see the section below Legal usage), the closed crown, became associated as a symbolic representation of the English Crown as an imperial crown, and has remained so until this day.

各式皇冠
罗马帝国皇冠
File:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations118.jpg|来自安纳托利亚的一种混合了帶狀冠和月桂花环风格的皇冠
File:ProbusCoin.jpg|硬币上关于与无敌者索尔崇拜相关的“辐射冠冕”（）的描绘（3世纪末；马库斯·奥里利乌斯·普罗布斯）。

拜占庭帝国皇冠
File:Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna 004.jpg|查士丁尼一世皇帝头戴“stemma”皇冠的形象
File:Monomacho's crown - circa 1042 Budapest.JPG|君士坦丁九世的皇冠

附有主教冠的皇冠
皇帝头戴附有主教冠的皇冠]]

带有单拱以及可展开式主教冠的皇冠
File:Weltliche Schatzkammer Wien (190)2.JPG|神圣罗马帝国皇冠 - 神圣罗马选帝君和德意志国王的加冕冠
File:Aachen Domschatz Bueste1.jpg|查理曼大帝圣髑盒头上的皇冠
File:Kaiserliche Hauskronen Karls VII. - Augsburger Krone von rechts.jpg|查理七世皇冠中的较大者，于奥格斯堡制造
File:Kaiserliche Hauskronen Karls VII. - Frankfurter Krone von rechts.jpg|查理七世皇冠中的较小者，于法兰克福制造

带有单拱以及固定式主教冠形状的皇冠
File:Ströhl - Kaiserkrone Friedrichs III.png|刻在神圣罗马帝国皇帝腓特烈三世坟墓上的其个人皇冠形象
File:Weltliche Schatzkammer Wien white.jpg|为神圣罗马帝国皇帝鲁道夫二世制作的个人皇冠，即后来的奥地利皇冠
File:Ströhl-Regentenkronen-Fig. 03.png|俄罗斯皇冠 — 历代俄国沙皇的加冕冠
File:Anna of Russia's crown (1730, Kremlin museum) by shakko 04blackened.jpg|俄国女皇安娜的皇冠
File:Entwurf einer Mitrenkrone für Christian IV. von Dänemark (1594).png|从未实际制造过的丹麦克里斯蒂安四世的冠冕设计，1594年

具有高拱形状的皇冠
File:Albrecht Dürer 082.jpg|丢勒绘制的西吉斯蒙德皇帝肖像

奥斯曼帝国皇冠
File:Suleiman Agostino.JPG|苏莱曼大帝的威尼斯头盔（可能已毁）

普鲁士-德国皇冠
File:Krone des Preußisch-Deutschen Kaisers (Modell-von-1872).png|德意志国冠，木制模型，1872年
File:Krone der Preußisch-Deutschen Kaiserin (Modell-von-1872).png|皇后冠冕

拿破仑皇冠
File:Crown of Napoleon I.png|名为“查理曼之冠”的拿破仑皇冠
File:Napoléon-téte-couronnée-Jacques-Louis-David.jpg|头戴桂冠的拿破仑一世（该冠于1819年被毁）
File:Baron François Gérard - Joséphine in coronation costume - Google Art Project.jpg|约瑟芬皇后头戴后冠（于1819年被毁）
File:Imperial Crown of Napoleon III. (Reproduction by Abeler, Wuppertal).png|拿破仑三世皇冠（于1871年被毁）；图为位于伍珀塔尔的阿伯勒冠冕与君权象征物收藏馆中展出的复制品
File:Crown of Empress Eugenie.png|欧仁妮后冠
File:Imperial Crown of Mexico.svg|墨西哥皇冠，第二帝国时期，因来自法国的赞助而部分仿照了拿破仑三世皇冠和欧仁妮后冠的设计

其他基于欧洲式冠冕设计的皇冠
File:Emperatriz Ana Maria by Josephus Arias Huerta.jpg|Empress Ana Maria of Mexico with the Crown of the First Mexican Empire
File:Coroa de Pedro I (Secretaria de Cultura de SP 1972).jpg|Brazilian Imperial Crown of Pedro I
File:Brazilian Imperial Crown2.jpg|Brazilian Imperial Crown of Pedro II
File:Hofmobiliendepot Wien Wenzelskrone.jpg|Vienna Wenceslas Crown
File:ImperialMexicanCrown1.jpg|Design of the Imperial Crown of Mexico seen in paintings of Maximilian I of Mexico during the Second Mexican Empire
File:ImperialCrownOfIndia2.jpg|Imperial Crown of India — the Imperial Crown worn by King George V at the Delhi Durbar in 1911.

其他非欧洲式冠冕设计的皇冠
File:Výstava valtice7.jpg|Kiani Crown, Imperial Crown in Persia
File:PahlaviCrown.jpg|Pahlavi Crown, Imperial Crown in Iran/Persia
File:Imperial Empress Crown 2.png|Consort Crown of Persia
File:Chinese Imperial Mian, Dingling.jpg|Ming Dynasty Emperor Imperial Crown for full ceremonial dress
File:Golden Crown Replica of King Wanli.jpg|明定陵中出土的金丝翼善冠
File:Ming Dynasty phoenix crown .jpg|Ming Dynasty Empress Phoenix Crown
File:Young Kangxi.jpg|Kangxi Emperor of Qing Dynasty wearing Imperial Crown
File:Imperial Crown of the Empire of China.jpg|祭祀冠服Imperial Crown of the Empire of China — worn by Yuan Shikai when he proclaimed himself emperor in 1915.
File:Benkan.jpg|Imperial Crown of the Japanese Emperor, Edo-Period
File:Korea-Portrait of Emperor Gojong-01.jpg|大韩帝国高宗皇帝通天冠御真
File:Muxungthien1.JPG|Vietnamese Nguyen dynasty Imperial Crown
File:Ethiopian Crown - Treasury Of The Chapel Of The Tablet (2852269410).jpg|Imperial Ethiopian crown

参见

• 后冠
• 加冕冠
• 王冠
• 冕冠

参考文献
外部链接
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