科莫·范恩·伍德沃德(;)是美国历史学家,主要研究美国南方和种族关系。他一直支持查尔斯·A·比尔德的观点,强调经济动机的影响。因《玛丽·切斯纳特的内战》获普利策历史奖。
1930年代,他是历史学界的左翼人士。1950年代,他是自由主义者和民权运动支持者。他证明种族隔离是19世纪末的发明,而不是某种永恒标准。1960年代末,他被新左派攻击后转向右翼。
生平
早年
1908年11月13日出生于阿肯色州东部克罗斯县范代尔,就读于莫里尔顿高中。
他在阿卡德尔菲亚 (阿肯色州)一所循道宗学校亨德森州立大学学习了两年,1930年转学到亚特兰大喬治亞州的埃默里大學。毕业后在佐治亚理工学院教了两年英语写作。
1931年进入哥伦比亚大学研究生院,并于1932年获得该校硕士学位。在纽约,伍德沃德结识了W·E·B·杜波依斯、朗斯顿·休斯以及其他与哈莱姆文艺复兴运动相关的人物,并深受他们的影响。1932年获得硕士学位后,伍德沃德为被指控从事颠覆活动的年轻非裔美國共產黨员安杰洛·赫恩登辩护。1932年,他还前往苏联和德国。
他在北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校攻读历史学和社会学,1937年获博士学位。他的论文导师是,一位研究美國重建時期的专家,提倡比尔德式的经济史观,强调物质利益是推动因素。
第二次世界大战期间,伍德沃德在海军服役,负责撰写重大战役的历史。他的著作《莱特湾海战》(1947年)成为历史上规模最大的海战的标准研究著作。
职业生涯
1946年至1961年在约翰·霍普金斯大学任教。1961年至1977年,任耶鲁大学斯特林历史学教授。他指导了、詹姆斯·M·麦克弗森、、。
他最具影响力的著作是《吉姆·克劳的奇异生涯》(1955年),该书指出种族隔离(吉姆·克劳法)是19世纪末的产物,而非美国内战后不可避免的结果。1954年布朗訴托皮卡教育局案后,他在弗吉尼亚大学讲座,讲座以《吉姆·克劳的奇异生涯》之名出版。流行说法是,《吉姆·克劳的奇异生涯》被马丁·路德·金称为“民权运动的历史圣经”,尽管他并没有这么做。马丁·路德·金确实确实引用了这本书,并断言它证明了种族隔离是“一种政治策略”。
1952年因《新南方的起源》获班克罗夫特奖。1982年因《玛丽·切斯纳特的内战》获普利策历史奖。
1974年,美国众议院司法委员会要求伍德沃德研究历届政府的不当行为及其应对方式。伍德沃德带领一个由14位历史学家组成的团队,在不到四个月的时间内完成了一份长达400页的报告《总统对不当行为指控的回应》。
于1958年当选为美国艺术与科学院院士, 1959年当选为美国哲学学会会士。1978年,美国国家人文基金会授予杰斐逊讲座奖,这是美国政府授予人文学科成就的最高荣誉。
转向右翼
英国历史学家迈克尔·奥布莱恩表示:伍德沃德对非裔美国人民权运动的兴起深感不安,不喜欢平权法案,从未认真对待女权主义,不信任后来被称为“理论”的东西,并且成为多元文化主义和“政治正确”的强烈反对者。
1969年,伍德沃德作为美國歷史學會会长,领导了一场反对新左派历史学家提出的将该学会政治化的提案的斗争。事后,他写信给女儿说:“我几乎在每一个转折点上都对新左派持怀疑态度。”
1975年至1976年,伍德沃德在耶鲁大学领导了一场不成功的斗争,阻止共产主义历史学家赫伯特·阿普特克()临时被任命教授一门课程。激进分子谴责他的行为,但美国历史学家组织和美國歷史學會的联合委员会宣布这一过程无罪,没有证据表明使用了政治标准。1987年,他加入由保守派学者组成的全国学者协会(),该协会明确反对学术左派。哈克尼评论:“伍德沃德公开批评政治正确,并且似乎在其他方面改变了他在政治舞台上的位置。”
1999年12月17日于康乃狄克州哈姆登去世,时年91岁。
遗产
伍德沃德是南方历史学会的创始会员。南方历史学会设立了C·范恩·伍德沃德博士论文奖,每年颁发给南方历史领域的最佳博士论文。耶鲁大学设有皮特·V和C·范恩·伍德沃德历史系讲座教授席位(皮特是伍德沃德的儿子,1969年去世)。
著作
书籍
[https://archive.org/details/AgrarianRebel1938BiographyOfTomWatson Tom Watson, Agrarian Rebel]* (1938)
*[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58783326 The Battle for Leyte Gulf] (1947, new ed. 1965)
*[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;q1=woodward;q2=ACLS%20Humanities%20E-Book;op2=and;rgn=works;rgn1=author;rgn2=series;view=toc;idno=heb00007.0001.001 Origins of the New South, 1877–1913] (1951) [https://archive.org/details/originsofnewsout00wood borrow for 14 days]
*Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (1951, rev. ed. 1991)
*[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;q1=woodward;q2=ACLS%20Humanities%20E-Book;op2=and;rgn=works;rgn1=author;rgn2=series;view=toc;idno=heb02029.0001.001 The Strange Career of Jim Crow] . (1st ed. February 1955; 2nd ed. August 1965; 3rd ed. NY:Oxford University Press, 1974). . [https://archive.org/details/isbn_0195018052 borrow for 14 days]
[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11879652 The Age of Reinterpretation] * (1961). pamphlet
*[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;q1=woodward;q2=ACLS%20Humanities%20E-Book;op2=and;rgn=works;rgn1=author;rgn2=series;view=toc;idno=heb00203.0001.001 The Burden of Southern History] (1955; 3rd ed. 1993) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77213 at archive.org]
- [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214404 The Comparative Approach to American History] (1968), editor
*American Counterpoint (1971). essays
*Mary Chesnut's Civil War (1981), editor. 普利策奖.
***' (1982–2018), series editor.
*The Private Mary Chestnut: The Unpublished Civil War Diaries (1984) edited, with Elizabeth Muhlenfeld.
- Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Louisiana State University Press, 1986). memoirs
- The Old World's New World (1991). lectures
- The Letters of C. Vann Woodward. edited by Michael O'Brien, (Yale University Press, 2013)
主要论文
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2191851 Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics] ". Journal of Southern History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1938), pp. 14–33.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954306 The Irony of Southern History] ". Journal of Southern History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Feb., 1953), pp. 3–19.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2293405 The Political Legacy of Reconstruction] ". Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 26, No. 3, The Negro Voter in the South (Summer, 1957), pp. 231–240.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845704 The Age of Reinterpretation] ". American Historical Review, Vol. 66, No. 1 (Oct., 1960), pp. 1–19.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/985998 Seeds of Failure in Radical Race Policy] ". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 110, No. 1 (Feb. 18, 1966), pp. 1–9.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/259773 History and the Third Culture] ". Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 2, Reappraisals (Apr., 1968), pp. 23–35.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921772 The Southern Ethic in a Puritan World] ". William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 344–370.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902060 Clio With Soul]". Journal of American History, Vol. 56, No. 1 (June, 1969), pp. 5–20.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1854526 The Future of the Past] ". American Historical Review, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Feb., 1970), pp. 711–726.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024239 The Erosion of Academic Privileges and Immunities] ". Daedalus, Vol. 103, No. 4, (Fall, 1974), pp. 33–37.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1850889 The Aging of America] ". American Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 3 (Jun., 1977), pp. 583–594.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3822789 The Fall of the American Adam] ". Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Nov., 1981), pp. 26–34.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901534 Strange Career Critics: Long May they Persevere] ". Journal of American History, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Dec., 1988), pp. 857–868.
- "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210005 Look Away, Look Away] ". Journal of Southern History, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Aug., 1993), pp. 487–504.
参考
扩展阅读
- Boles, John B., and Bethany L. Johnson, eds. Origins of the New South Fifty Years Later (2003), articles by scholars [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=9745 online review]
- Ferrell, Robert. "C. Vann Woodward" in Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945–2000. ed by Robert Allen Rutland; (2000) pp 170–81
- Hackney, Sheldon. "Origins of the New South in Retrospect," Journal of Southern History (1972) 38#2 pp. 191–216 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2206441 in JSTOR]
- Hackney, Sheldon. "C. Vann Woodward: 13 November 1908 – 17 December 1999," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (2001) 145#2 pp 233–240 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1558279 in JSTOR]
- Hackney, Sheldon. "C. Vann Woodward, Dissenter," Historically Speaking (2009) 10#1 pp. 31–34 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/historically_speaking/v010/10.1.hackney.html in Project MUSE]
- Kousser, J. Morgan and James McPherson, eds. Religion, Race and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward (1982), festschrift of articles; also lists most of his PhD students
- Lerner, Mitchell, "Conquering the Hearts of the People: Lyndon Johnson, C. Vann Woodward, and 'The Irony of Southern History,'" Southwestern Historical Quarterly 115 (Oct. 2011), 155–71.
- Potter, David M. "C. Vann Woodward," in Pastmasters: Some Essays on American Historians, ed. Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W. Winks (1969).
- Rabinowitz, Howard N. "More Than the Woodward Thesis: Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow," Journal of American History (1988) 75#3 pp 842–856. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901533 in JSTOR]
* Woodward, C. Vann. "Strange Career Critics: Long May They Persevere," Journal of American History* (1988) 75#3 pp 857–868. a reply to Rabinowitz, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901534 in JSTOR]
- Roper, John Herbert. C. Vann Woodward, Southerner (1987), biography
- Roper, John Herbert, ed. C. Vann Woodward: A Southern Historian and His Critics (1997) essays about Woodward
外部链接
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.1436 Woodward Papers at Yale] with short biography
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0341/menu.html Oral History Interview with C. Vann Woodward] from [http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/ Oral Histories of the American South]
[http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/12/cvw-d24.html Obituary and interview with Woodward's student, James McPherson] , 24 December 1999 David Walsh on the 世界社會主義網站*
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