助動詞

助動詞是动词的附类。汉语中助动词又称能愿动词,是一种辅助性动词,表示可能、应该、必须、愿望等意思,如表示可能性的“能、能够、会、可以、可能”等,表示必要性的“该、应该、应当、得(děi)、要”等,表示意愿性的“肯、敢、愿、愿意、要”等。

在印欧语系语言中,助动词是常和动词合用以帮助动词表示某种语法作用或情态作用的一种虚化了的动词。如英语“I shall go”中的情态助动词shall,俄语“”(他将读)中表示第三人称将来时的“”。

基本助动词
基本助动词只有3个:be,do,have
|-
|be able to
|能够;有能力(做某事)
|-
|be apt to
|有…倾向的,易于…的
|-
|be bound to
|一定会;肯定会(做某事)
|-
|be due to
|应归功于;应归咎于
|-
|be going to
|① 打算(表示最近的未来计划或意愿等)
② 刚要,正要
③ 就会,就要,即将(与个人的计划或意愿等无关,表示料到或将会发生的事)
|-
|be liable to
|可能(做某事)
|-
|be obliged to
|(以诺言、合同或责任等)(被)束缚,约束;强制,迫使(做某事)
|-
|be supposed to
|① (按规定、习惯、安排等)应当,应,该,须
② 一般认为;人们普遍觉得会
|-
|be sure to
|一定要,务必(去做某事)
|-
|be to
|[表示安排、职责、义务、愿望、可能性、目的、用途、命中注定等]
|-
|be willing to
|愿意,乐意(做某事)
|-
|had better / best
|应该;还是…好/应当,最好(还是)
|-
|have to
|必须;不得不
|-
|have got to
|〈口语〉=have to
|-
|fail to
|不,不能;忽视;忘记
|-
|get to
|① 开始(感觉到、认识到、成为);达到…地步(或程度)
② (非正式用语)有机会(做某事);得到(做某事的)机会
|-
|tend to
|易于,倾向于
|}
|

|}

參考文獻
延伸阅读
*Allerton, D. 2006. Verbs and their Satellites. In Handbook of English Linguistics. Aarts 7 MacMahon (eds.). Blackwell.
*Adger, D. 2003. Core syntax. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
*Bresnan, J. 2001. Lexical-Functional Syntax. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
*Culicover, P. 2009. Natural language syntax. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
*Crystal, D. 1997. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, 4th edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
*Engel, U. 1994. Syntax der deutschen Sprache, 3rd edition. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
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*Finch, G. 2000. Linguistic terms and concepts. New York: St. Martin's Press.
*Fowler's Modern English Usage. 1996. Revised third edition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
*Jurafsky, M. and J. Martin. 2000. Speech and language processing. Dorling Kindersley (India): Pearson Education, Inc.
*Kroeger, P. 2004. Analyzing syntax: A lexical-functional approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
*Lewis, M. The English Verb 'An Exploration of Structure and Meaning'. Language Teaching Publications. ISBN 0-906717-40-X
*Osborne, T. and T. Groß 2012. Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar. Cognitive Linguistics 23, 1, 165-216.
*Radford. A. 1997. Syntactic theory and the structure of English: A minimalist approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
*Radford, A. 2004. English syntax: An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
*Rowlett, P. 2007. The syntax of French. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
*Sag, I. and T. Wasow. 1999. Syntactic theory: A formal introduction. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
*Tesnière, L. 1959. Éleménts de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Klincksieck.
*Warnant, L. 1982. Structure syntaxique du français. Librairie Droz.

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