扎穆科语系

扎穆科语系是分布在巴拉圭(查科省东北部)和玻利维亚(圣克鲁斯省)的语系。

语言学家很少研究这个语系(as of Adelaar & Muysken 2004)，尽管最近有些新研究发表(参见：Bertinetto 2009, 2010, 2013；Ciucci 2007/08, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2013a, 2013b)。最近的研究显示扎穆科语系语言有种罕见的句法特征：副从属结构，即合作与从属关系同时用于连接从句(Bertinetto & Ciucci 2012)。

现存语言
扎穆科语系有两种活语言：

• 扎穆科语– 3160使用者
• 查玛科科语– 2千使用者

基因联系
据扎穆科语民族的历史记录，现存扎穆科语言似乎曾有过一些亲属语言。并不清楚它们是否必然是不同的语言，Mason (1950)给出的表如下：

*北部语族
**扎穆科语支：扎穆科语、Satienyo (Zatieño, Ibiraya)
**Morotoco (Coroino)
***Cucarate (Kukutade)
***Orebate (Ororebate); Carerá
***Panono (Panana)
***Tomoeno
**Guarañoca [可能是扎穆科语一种方言]: Tsiracua (Empelota); Mora (remnants of Morotoco and Guarañoca)
**Ugaraño
**Tapii (Tapio)
**Poturero (Ninaquiguilá)
*南部语族
**查玛科科语支：Ebidoso、Horio (Ishira)、Tumerehã
**Imono
**Tunacho (Tunaca)
**Caipotorade

词汇
切斯特米尔·劳科特卡 (1968)列举了下列扎穆科语系语言基础词。

参考
书目

• Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
• Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2009). Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch. Quaderni del laboratorio di Linguistica 8 n.s. (Online version: ).
• Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2010). How the Zamuco languages dealt with verb affixes. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 9,1 n.s. (Online version: ).

Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2013). Ayoreo (Zamuco) as a radical tenseless language. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica* 12 n.s. (Online version: )

• Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Luca Ciucci 2012. [http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/2/xmlpage/1/article/404?htmlAlways=yes Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages] . In: Linguistic Discovery 10.1: 89-111.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
• Ciucci, Luca (2007/08). Indagini sulla morfologia verbale nella lingua ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 7 n.s. (Online version: )
• Ciucci, Luca (2009). Elementi di morfologia verbale del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 8 n.s. (Online version: )
• Ciucci, Luca (2010a). La flessione possessiva dell’ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: )
• Ciucci, Luca (2010b). La flessione possessiva del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: )
• Ciucci, Luca (2013a). Inflectional morphology in the Zamucoan languages. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Ph.D. Thesis.
• Ciucci, Luca (2013b). Chamacoco lexicographical supplement. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 12 n.s. (Online version: )
• Fabre, Alain. (por aparecer, 2005). Los pueblos del Gran Chaco y sus lenguas, cuarta parte: Los zamuco. Suplemento Antropológico, Asunción.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

*Ulrich, M.; Ulrich, R. (2000). Diccionario Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco) - Español, Español - Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco). Asuncion: Misión a Nuevas Tribus Paraguay.

外部链接

• Proel: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/samukoan.htm 扎穆科语系]
• Sorosoro: [http://www.sorosoro.org/en/zamucoan-languages 扎穆科语系]
• [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jsa_0037-9174_1958_num_47_1_1154 Arte de la lengua zamuca] , written by father Ignace Chomé (1696).