上的宗喀語影片]]
宗-{}-卡语(,威利:),又译宗-{}-喀语,是不丹的官方语言,故国际通称不丹語()。和锡金语的关系很密切,与藏语衛藏方言较相近,书面语是藏文。
书写系统
用于书写宗喀语的藏文有30个表示辅音的基础字母,有时被称作“根式”。宗喀语常常以有头体的不丹变体拼写,藏文中称为“”(草书手写体)和“”(正式手写体)。印刷体一般称为“”。
罗马化
有好几种不同的罗马化系统和转写方案,但没有能精确描写它的音的。不丹政府在1991年以无我制定的转写为标准颁布了“罗马宗喀文”。
音系
宗喀語是聲調語言,具有高、低兩個調域。一個音節的聲調會影響聲母的同位音及主要元音的發聲態。
辅音
所有辅音均可做声母。低调音节的声母是浊音。低调音节首没有送气音(以上标的h表示)、和。R音常是颤音或擦颤音,在高调音节首清化。
是齿音。硬颚(塞)擦音的描述从龈颚到硬颚。
只有少数辅音能做韵尾。主要由。韵尾常常脱落,并使前面的元音鼻化、延长。韵尾在非正式语境下一般省略。书面语中,流音和也可做韵尾。虽然很罕见,也能充当韵尾。
元音
- 低调时,元音带气声。
- 闭音节中,介于和间,后者更常见。
- 介于和间。
- 介于半闭和半开间,后者在闭音节中更常见。是半闭。不会比更长,且与的区别更多是在音值上而非时长上。
- 的描述介于半闭和半开之间。
- 是半闭的,但特别是在闭音节中可以达到半开。是半闭的。
- 稍稍比半开低,即。
- 能达到,尤其是闭音节。
- 鼻化或后继时,元音一直是长元音。
音位配列
宗喀语许多词汇都是单音节的。常常是CVC、CV或VC的形式。复辅音声母只能是不送气唇塞音和硬颚塞擦音的结合。复辅音声母中的唇塞音常在口语中省略。
系属分类与相关语言
宗喀语属于藏语群。与锡金语关系密切、可以互通,与其他不丹语言乔孔卡语、布罗克帕语、布罗卡特语和拉卡语关系也较近。
宗喀语与西藏南部春丕河谷的柔末瓦语关系密切。与标准藏语的关系较远。虽然宗喀语口语和藏语口语大体上不能互通,书面形式均受礼拜仪式古典藏语的强烈影响,在不丹称作Chöke,比丘们已经用了几个世纪。Chöke在不丹直到1960年代初一直被用作教育语言,那之后宗喀语取代了它在公立学校中的地位。
虽然分化自古典藏语,宗喀语展现出大量不规则的对音,使得书面语和口语的差距比标准藏语的情况还大。“传统正字法和现代语音是两个不同的系统,其运行的规律也不同。”
语例
《世界人权宣言》第一条:
藏文宗喀语
:
罗马化
:’Gro-ba-mi-rigs-ga-ra-dbaṅ-cha-’dra-mtam-’bad-sgyew-las-ga-ra-gis-gcig-gis-gcig-lu-spun-cha’i-dam-tshig-bstan-dgo.
翻译
:人人生而自由,在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心,并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。
参考
參考文獻
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- Mazaudon, Martine. 1985. “Dzongkha Number Systems.” S. Ratanakul, D. Thomas & S. Premsirat (eds.). Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies presented to André-G. Haudricourt. Bangkok: Mahidol University. 124–57
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- - A language textbook with three audio compact disks.
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參閱
*宗喀语盲文
*藏语方言
外部链接
*[http://bhutaneseliterature.com Bhutanese literatures ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182059/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html Dzongkha Development Commission] Thimphu, Bhutan
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182104/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionaries/dz-en-dict/index.html Dzongkha-English Dictionary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110807154426/http://www.podcast.com/show/6924/ Dzongkha podcast]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130621032503/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/index.en.html Free textbooks and dictionaries] published by the Dzongkha Development Commission
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150403063354/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/PDF/National%20Policy%20and%20Strategy%20of%20Dzongkha%20%28web%29.pdf Bhutan National Policy and Strategy for Development and Promotion of Dzongkha]
- [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha.html Dzongkha Unicode] – site The National Library of Bhutan (en – [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha-DZ.html dz] )
- [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.htm 宗喀语地名罗马化方案]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204002915/http://www.education.gov.bt/Departments/DDA/DDA.htm Dzongkha Development Authority] Thimphu, Bhutan
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20040814142325/http://iris.lib.virginia.edu/tibet/xml/show.php?xml=%2Fcollections%2Flangling%2Flanguages%2Findex.xml Languages on the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas] - Nicolas Tournadre
词汇
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20130923022932/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionary.php Online searchable dictionary (Dz-En, En-Dz, Dz-Dz)] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20160507123629/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/English-Dzongkha_Pocket_Dictionary.pdf Online Dzonkha-English Dictionary] – site Dzongkha Development Commission ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182059/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html en]– [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/ dz])
- [http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/DCT.pdf Dzongkha Computer Terms] (pdf)
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130525004143/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/English-Dzongkha_Pocket_Dictionary.pdf English-Dzongkha Pocket Dictionary
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130525005136/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Rigpai_Lodap.pdf Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130525004121/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Thesaurus.pdf Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130503124433/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Countries_and_Capitals_in_Dzongkha.pdf Names of Countries and Capitals in Dzongkha
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130503125034/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Translation-Guidebook.pdf A Guide to Dzongkha-Translation
语法
- [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/LOAA006020/ A colloquial grammar of the Bhutanese language. by Byrne, St. Quintin. Allahabad: Pioneer Press, 1909]
- [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie.html Dzongkha transliteration] – site National Library of Bhutan (en – [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie-DZ.html dz] )
- [http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/web1024X768/script.html Dzongkha, The National Language of Bhutan] – site Dzongkha Linux ([http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/web1024X768/home.html en] – [http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/dzo_web1024X768/home.html dz] )
- [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.htm Romanization of Dzongkha]
- [http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/visin/bt_dzongkha01.html Dzongkha : Origin and Description]
- [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/dzongkha.php Dzongkha language, alphabet and pronunciation]
- [http://www.panl10n.net/Presentations/Laos/RegionalConference/LanguageProcessingApps/Dzongkha_TTS.pdf Pioneering Dzongkha Text To Speech Synthesis] (pdf)
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20130815015339/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.en.html Dzongkha Grammar & other materials] – site The Dzongkha Development Commission (en – [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818023918/http://dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.html dz])
- [http://www.iling-ran.ru/langworld/transcript/Dzongkha.shtml Коряков Ю.Б. Практическая транскрипция для языка дзонг-кэ]
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130722071156/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Choke-Dzongkha_Dictionary.pdf Classical Tibetan-Dzongkha Dictionary
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