原始台語

原始台语或稱原始壯傣語是所有台语支语言的祖语 (共同祖先),包括现代老挝语、掸语、傣仂语、傣担语、阿洪姆语、北部泰语、泰语、布依语和标准壮语。原始台语不由任何现存文献直接支持,而是通过运用比照法构拟出。

它在1977年由李方桂构拟。张高峰2009年又构拟了一次。

音系
声母
下列表格展示了李方桂的比较台语手册 (1977)中构拟的原始台语的声母。李方桂没有拟出部分辅音的具体音值(本词条写作[, 和]),这在他的手册里记作[č, čh, ž]且仅描述为硬颚擦音。

下表列举了张高峰的原始台语拟音辅音音素。

共有33-36种声母、10-11种辅音韵尾以及25-26种同音节复辅音。

台语支诸语可做韵尾的辅音比声母少。李方桂(和其他大多数研究者)构拟的原始台语韵尾种类和现代泰语一样。

张高峰的原始台语包含的辅音韵尾同样有-l、-c,还可能有*-ɲ,这不包含于此前的多数原始台语构拟中。更大的台-卡岱语系构拟的双音节词最终崩塌为现代台语的单音节词。但特定词间的不规则对应(特别是少数非西南台语)支持张高峰:原始台语只到了倍半音节阶段(主要的单音节附加一个次要音节)。后来的单音节化在不同分支里独立出现,其结果为共时语言间显著的不规则,反映原始台语次要音节复辅音。

次要音节复辅音的例子包括:

;清塞音+清塞音(*C̥.C̥-)

  • *p.t-
  • *k.t-
  • *p.q-
  • *q.p-

;清阻碍音+浊塞音(*C̥.C̬-)

  • *C̥.b-
  • *C̥.d-

;浊阻碍音+ 清塞音(*C̬.C̥-)

  • *C̬.t-
  • *C̬.k-
  • *C̬.q-

;清塞音+流音(*C̥.r-)

  • *k.r-
  • *p.r-
  • *C̥.w-

;浊音+流音

  • *m.l-
  • *C̬ .r-
  • *C̬ .l-

;含非声母鼻音的复辅音

  • *t.n-
  • *C̬ .n-

其他复辅音包括r.t-, t.h-, q.s-, m.p-, s.c-, z.ɟ-, g.r-, m.n-; gm̩.r-, ɟm̩ .r-, c.pl-, g.lw-等。

元音
下列是张高峰的原始台语元音。其他壮侗语系语言也经类似约定转写。

下表介绍的原始台语声调特征改编自张高峰拟音。

原始台语声调和中古汉语声调规则对应。 (注意上古汉语无声调。)下列调类对应来自Luo(2008)。注意原始台语*B调类对应中古汉语去声,反之亦然。

Gedney (1972)也包括一张表,为特定壮傣语的调值、分化、合流提供指示词。格德尼调盒的每个空都需要至少3个指示词。在分号前的指示词来自Gedney (1972),分号后的来自Somsonge (2012)和Jackson, et al. (2012)。标准泰语词以斜体转写在下面给出。

注意其他分支的声调情况可能不同,所以指示词表不能用于其他壮侗语分支如侗水语支。下表介绍了壮傣语支和侗水语支间的差异。

原始南壮侗语
2007年Peter K. Norquest发表了原始南壮侗语的初步构拟,它是黎语支、临高语和壮傣语支的祖先。有28个辅音,5-7个元音,9个细音(不包括元音长短)和至少1个双元音*ɯa(C)。

原始南壮侗语的插入辅音也包括:

  • *C(V)-m
  • *C(V)-n
  • *C(V)-ɲ
  • *C(V)-ŋ
  • *C(V)(i)l
  • *C(u)r
  • *p(i)l
  • *k-l

原始南壮侗语也有双元音 *ɯa(C)。

音节结构
不同于它的现代单音节后代,原始台语是倍半音节语言(张高峰 2009)。下列是一些可能的原始台语音节型。

句法
原始台语像汉语是SVO(主谓宾)语序,这保留至几乎所有现代台语中。它的句法被汉语深刻影响过。

另见
*List of Proto-Tai reconstructions (Wiktionary)
*原始壮侗语
*原始黎语
*原始南岛语
*澳台语系

参考
;注释

;Sources

  • Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. William J. Gedney's Southwestern Tai Dialects: Glossaries, Texts and Translations. [Ann Arbor, Mich.]: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1994. Print.
  • Thurgood, Graham. 2002. [http://www.csuchico.edu/~gthurgood/Papers/GedneyPaperUpdated.pdf "A comment on Gedney's proposal for another series of voiced initials in Proto-Tai revisited."] Studies in Southeast Asian Languages, edited by Robert Bauer. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 169–183. (updated 2006)

延伸閱讀

  • Akharawatthanakun, Phinnarat. (2010). Phonological Variation in Phuan. MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, 13(2), 50-87.
  • Brown, J. Marvin. From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects. Bangkok: Social Science Association Press of Thailand, 1965.
  • Ferlus, Michel. 1990. "Remarques sur le consonantisme de Proto Thai-Yay (Révision du pro tai de Li Fangkuei)." Paper presented at the 23 rd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. University of Texas at Arlington
  • Gedney, William J. 1989. "Future directions in Comparative Tai Linguistics." Selected papers on Comparative Tai Studies, ed. by Robert J. Bickner, John Hartmann, Thomas John Hudak and Patcharin Peyasantiwong, 7-116. Ann Arbor: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan.
  • Li, Fang-kuei (李方桂). 1977. Handbook of Comparative Tai. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʼi Press.

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