科伊科伊语(; ),是南部非洲科伊科伊人、、和使用的语言,主要分布在纳米比亚、波札那和南非,又称纳马语(Namagowab)、达马拉语(ǂNūkhoegowab),旧称霍屯督语(Hottentot){{efn|得名于霍屯督人,专指开普地区的科伊科伊语方言声调或4个声调。
高元音的高调的调值相对中低元音的高调调值更高:
送气搭嘴音的送气声较轻,但较其鼻音化形式更“刺耳”。声门化搭嘴音的除阻前有停顿,所以显然是清音。在传统正字法拼写中,声门化搭嘴音仅记为清搭嘴音。词首的鼻音化搭嘴音是听不到的;送气清音的鼻化清音部分也很难听到(除非在两个元音之间)。
Tindal (1858)指出,欧洲学习者总通过将舌头靠在侧齿上发出边搭嘴音,把它们当成普通的搭嘴音而不加分别地发出来,这种发音对于母语者来说“生硬而陌生”。作为母语者的纳马人则是把舌头盖住整个硬腭来发搭嘴音,发出的是“好像在硬腭最后部的声音”。
正字法
目前有多种科伊科伊语的正字法方案,现代以《科伊科伊语词典》(**',Haacke 2000)的正字法方案为准。辅音字母b d g仅用于声调为低声调旋律的词语,p t k则用于高音调词语。W仅用于元音之间,也可以为b / p所代替。通过这种方式,这种正字法不使用音调记号。
鼻音以扬抑符表示,如hû “七”。
长元音以长音符号表示,如ā “哭泣”。
词首的声门塞音不作表记;词中的声门塞音以“-”表示,如gao-aob “酋长”。
搭嘴音以对应的国际音标字符表示:
*ǀ(豎線)代表齿搭嘴音
*ǁ(双竖线)代表边搭嘴音
*ǃ(叹号)代表齿龈搭嘴音
*ǂ(双剑标)代表硬腭搭嘴音,有时亦以#(井號)替代。
语法
科伊科伊语遵循主賓動語序,名词包含3个性(阴性、阳性、中性)和3个数(单数、双数、复数);使用代词性的附着语素附加于名词组,以表示人称、性别和数字。
范例文字
科伊科伊语范例语句:
:Nē ǀkharib ǃnâ da ge ǁGûn tsî ǀGaen tsî doan tsîn; tsî ǀNopodi tsî ǀKhenadi tsî ǀhuigu tsî ǀAmin tsîn; tsî ǀkharagagu ǀaon tsîna ra hō.
:在这个地区,我们可以找到跳羚、劍羚和麂羚;鹧鸪、珠雞、鸨和鸵鸟;还有各种各样的蛇。
注释
参考文献
书目
*Khoekhoegowab/English for Children, Éditions du Cygne, 2013,
*Beach, Douglas M. 1938. The Phonetics of the Hottentot Language. Cambridge: Heffer.
*Brugman, Johanna. 2009. [http://johannabrugman.com/Publications/Documents/Brugman2009.pdf Segments, Tones and Distribution in Khoekhoe Prosody] . PhD Thesis, Cornell University.
Haacke, Wilfrid. 1976. A Nama Grammar: The Noun-phrase*. MA thesis. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
*Haacke, Wilfrid H. G. 1977. "The So-called "Personal Pronoun" in Nama." In Traill, Anthony, ed., Khoisan Linguistic Studies 3, 43–62. Communications 6. Johannesburg: African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand.
Haacke, Wilfrid. 1978. Subject Deposition in Nama*. MA thesis. Colchester, UK: University of Essex.
Haacke, Wilfrid. 1992. "Compound Noun Phrases in Nama". In Gowlett, Derek F., ed., African Linguistic Contributions (Festschrift Ernst Westphal)*, 189–194. Pretoria: Via Afrika.
Haacke, Wilfrid. 1992. "Dislocated Noun Phrases in Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara): Further Evidence for the Sentential Hypothesis". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere*, 29, 149–162.
Haacke, Wilfrid. 1995. "Instances of Incorporation and Compounding in Khoekhoegowab (Nama/Damara)". In Anthony Traill, Rainer Vossen and Marguerite Anne Megan Biesele, eds., The Complete Linguist: Papers in Memory of Patrick J. Dickens*", 339–361. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
*Haacke, Wilfrid; Eiseb, Eliphas and Namaseb, Levi. 1997. "Internal and External Relations of Khoekhoe Dialects: A Preliminary Survey". In Wilfrid Haacke & Edward D. Elderkin, eds., Namibian Languages: Reports and Papers, 125–209. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag for the .
Haacke, Wilfrid. 1999. The Tonology of Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara). Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung/Research* in Khoisan Studies, Bd 16. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Haacke, Wilfrid H.G. & Eiseb, Eliphas. 2002. A Khoekhoegowab Dictionary with an English-Khoekhoegowab Index*. Windhoek : Gamsberg Macmillan.
Hagman, Roy S. 1977. Nama Hottentot Grammar*. Language Science Monographs, v 15. Bloomington: Indiana University.
*Krönlein, Johann Georg. 1889. [https://archive.org/details/wortschatzderkh00kroegoog Wortschatz der Khoi-Khoin (Namaqua-Hottentotten)]. Berlin : Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft.
- Olpp, Johannes. 1977. Nama-grammatika. Windhoek : Inboorlingtaalburo van die Departement van Bantoe-onderwys.
- Rust, Friedrich. 1965. Praktische Namagrammatik. Cape Town : Balkema.
Vossen, Rainer. 2013. The Khoesan Languages*. Oxon: Routledge.
外部链接
*[http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ling700/nama.htm Nama grammar and a story at Cornell] (dead link as of January 2009; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080715163548/http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ling700/nama.htm cached] by the Internet Archive)
*[http://www.wideopenspacesamy2.blogspot.com/2007/02/khoekhoegowab-language-lesson-videos.html Nama (KhoeKhoegowab) Phrase Video Lessons]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091216022926/http://www.ksaag.org/ KhoeSan Active Awareness Group] (dead link as of 17 October 2010)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6TZkkD1amE An 8-minute clip of spoken Hottentot (khoekhoegowab)]
*[http://johannabrugman.com/Khoekhoe/Khoekhoe.html Khoekhoe phonology and a story by Johanna Brugman] (dead as of January 2017; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043220/http://johannabrugman.com/Khoekhoe/Khoekhoe.html Internet Archive cache])
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ckh\kkh&limit=-1 Khoekhoe basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
- [http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository?query=&root=vital%3A27072&f0=sm_mods_language%3A%22Khoe%22 Khoe music / field recordings (International Library of African Music)]
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