舉尾家蟻屬

• 的雄蟻。]]
• 的工蟻。]]

*舉尾家蟻屬 (Crematogaster ) 習性多樣，世界廣布，最易辨別的特徵便是其水滴型的腹部。舉尾家蟻屬英文俗名為 Saint Valentine ant* ，意思為聖瓦倫丁螞蟻，因其心形的腹部得名，聖瓦倫丁為情人的象徵，2月14日的情人節便是紀念其殉道的節日。另一俗名為雞尾酒螞蟻 (cocktail ants)，因其受侵擾時會將腹部舉起的行為得名。大部分的種類是樹棲性，因此得到雜技螞蟻 (acrobat ants) 的俗名。

舉尾家蟻屬主食為其他昆蟲，如蜂類。舉尾家蟻會用毒液麻痺獵物，並沿途留下費洛蒙，引導同伴來到獵物所在的地點。

捕食行為
舉尾家蟻大型和小型的獵物都會捕食，捕食的時候覓食的工蟻會留下費洛蒙引領四周的工蟻前來協助。當個體接觸到獵物時，它們會立即發動攻擊，有時候也會用螫針攻擊，攻擊時它們會釋放緊戒費洛蒙，吸引其他工蟻攻擊獵物，其他工蟻會拉扯獵物的附肢，讓獵物呈現全身舒展的狀態並將其扛回蟻巢。舉尾家蟻有爪間體，爪間體可以增加抓附能力，讓螞蟻能夠在樹上垂直移動並搬運獵物。如果獵物很小附近又沒有其他工蟻，工蟻會獨自將其搬回蟻巢，而如果附近有其他工蟻，其他工蟻會協助將獵物搬回蟻巢，就算獵物非常小也一樣。舉尾家蟻會取食蝗蟲、白蟻、蜂類和其他小型昆蟲。

捕食蜂類
舉尾家蟻會捕食許多種蜂類，大多數為與樹互利（如授粉）的種類。蜂類通常會持續移動，造成捕食困難，而舉尾家蟻對蜂類所釋放的化學訊號極為敏感，讓他們能在第一時間抵達蜂類的位置，靠近食物來源。

繁殖
舉尾家蟻蟻后會在婚飛時和雄蟻交配，雄蟻交配後不久便會死去，而蟻后會將翅膀移除並建立新群體。

舉尾家蟻還有另一種生殖策略。蟻巢中會有體型略小於蟻后，但大於一般工蟻的大型工蟻，這些工蟻在生理上也和一般工蟻不同，它們的卵巢會發育並具有產卵的能力，如果群體中有蟻后，產下的卵會被蟻后和幼蟲吃掉，如果群體中沒有蟻后，產下的卵會孵化成雄蟻。在沒有蟻后的群體中，大型工蟻會產下較多的卵。其他工蟻會像對待蟻后一樣對待大型工蟻。

大型工蟻能產下會孵化成工蟻的卵，因此它們能對群體產生影響。大型工蟻甚至能透過分巢的方式建立新群體。

防禦行為
舉尾家蟻能將腹部越過頭頂往前伸，可以將腹部朝向幾乎所有方向。打鬥時舉尾家蟻會從腹部末端釋放毒液，毒液對其他螞蟻的影響因種類而異，有些物種無法抵抗毒液，一兩滴即可致命，有些物種則具有抗性，可以承受大量的毒液，但無論如何毒液通常都可以逼退對方。毒液成分為酚類和羧酸，這些成分中有些具有抗生素的效果。

分工
舉尾家蟻會分工，在巢內工作的個體體型和頭寬較小，在巢外工作的個體體型和頭寬則較大。有些 Orthocrema 亞屬的物種，如 Crematogaster schimmeri, C. biroi, C. pygmaea ，有專門產卵的階級，產下的未受精卵會被幼蟲吃掉。

共生
舉尾家蟻會和某些植物共生，植物會分泌蜜露並提供住所，螞蟻則會保護植物不受其他昆蟲侵害。有些舉尾家蟻的主要食物由血桐屬提供。

當植物被攻擊時，舉尾家蟻會傾巢而出保護植物，當周遭的植物受到攻擊時舉尾家蟻也會保護其不受侵擾。

費洛蒙軌跡
舉尾家蟻會留下費洛蒙軌跡，其功能多樣，如溝通、引導其他工蟻前來協助等。有些舉尾家蟻會用後足留下費洛蒙軌跡。

舉尾家蟻會在往食物的路上留下費洛蒙，吸引其他工蟻前來。吸引其他工蟻前來有許多好處，可以加快運送食物的速度，也可以協助禦敵。

物種列表
舉尾家蟻屬下共有430種以上的物種
||Crematogaster erecta |Mayr, 1866
||Crematogaster erectepilosa |Salata & Borowiec, 2015
||Crematogaster esterelana |(Bernard, 1978)
||Crematogaster eurydice |Forel, 1915
||Crematogaster euterpe |Santschi, 1922
||Crematogaster evallans |Forel, 1907
||Crematogaster excisa |Mayr, 1895
||Crematogaster ferrarii |Emery, 1888
||Crematogaster flavicornis |Emery, 1897
||Crematogaster flavitarsis |Emery, 1900
||Crematogaster flaviventris |Santschi
||Crematogaster flavomicrops |
||Crematogaster flavosensitiva |Longino, 2003
||Crematogaster foliocrypta |
||Crematogaster foraminiceps |Santschi, 1913
||Crematogaster formosa |Mayr, 1870
||Crematogaster foxi |Mann, 1919
||Crematogaster fraxatrix |Forel, 1911
||Crematogaster fritzi |Emery, 1901
||Crematogaster frivola |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster fruhstorferi |Emery, 1901
||Crematogaster fuentei |Menozzi, 1922
||Crematogaster fulmeki |Forel, 1922
||Crematogaster fusca |Mayr, 1876
||Crematogaster gabonensis |Emery, 1899
||Crematogaster gallicola |Forel, 1894
||Crematogaster gambiensis |Andre, 1889
||Crematogaster gavapiga |Menozzi, 1935
||Crematogaster gerstaeckeri |Dalla Torre, 1892
||Crematogaster gibba |Emery, 1894
||Crematogaster (Crematogaster) goeldii |Karaman, 2008
||Crematogaster (Crematogaster) gordani |Karaman, 2008
||Crematogaster gratiosa |Santschi, 1926
||Crematogaster grevei |Forel, 1891
||Crematogaster gryllsi |Sharaf & Hita Garcia, 2019
||Crematogaster gullukdagensis |Salata & Borowiec, 2015
||Crematogaster gutenbergi |Santschi, 1914
||Crematogaster hafahafa |Blaimer, 2013
||Crematogaster hashimi |Hosoishi, 2015
||Crematogaster hazolava |Blaimer, 2013
||Crematogaster heathi |Mann, 1916
||Crematogaster hellenica |Forel, 1911
||Crematogaster hemiceros |Santschi, 1926
||Crematogaster hespera |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster hezaradjatica |Pisarski, 1967
||Crematogaster himalayana |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster hogsoni |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster homeri |Forel, 1913
||Crematogaster hottentota |Emery, 1899
||Crematogaster hova |Forel, 1887
||Crematogaster huberi |Forel, 1907
||Crematogaster hullettii |Feldhaar, Maschwitz & Fiala, 2016
||Crematogaster iheringi |Forel, 1908
||Crematogaster ilgii |Forel, 1910
||Crematogaster imperfecta |Hosoishi, 2015
||Crematogaster impressa |Emery, 1899
||Crematogaster impressiceps |Mayr, 1902
||Crematogaster inca |Wheeler, 1925
||Crematogaster inconspicua |Mayr, 1896
||Crematogaster incorrecta |Santschi, 1917
||Crematogaster indefensa |Kempf, 1968
||Crematogaster indosinensis |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2016
||Crematogaster inermis |Mayr, 1862
||Crematogaster inflata |Smith, 1857
||Crematogaster inflata-subgroup |F.Smith, 1857
||Crematogaster innocens |Forel, 1911
||Crematogaster inops |Forel, 1892
||Crematogaster insularis |Smith, 1859
||Crematogaster ionia |Forel, 1911
||Crematogaster iridipennis |Smith, 1865
||Crematogaster irritabilis |Smith, 1860
||Crematogaster isolata |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster jacindae |Sharaf, 2019
||Crematogaster jacobsoni |Forel, 1911
||Crematogaster jardinero |
||Crematogaster javanica |Menozzi, 1935
||Crematogaster jeanneli |Santschi, 1914
||Crematogaster jehovae |Forel, 1907
||Crematogaster jullieni |Santschi, 1910
||Crematogaster juventa |Santschi, 1926
||Crematogaster kachelibae |Arnold, 1954
||Crematogaster karawaiewi |Menozzi, 1935
||Crematogaster kasaiensis |Forel, 1913
||Crematogaster kelleri |Forel, 1891
||Crematogaster keris |Hosoishi, 2020
||Crematogaster khmerensis |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2017
||Crematogaster kirbii |(Sykes, 1835)
||Crematogaster kneri |Mayr, 1862
||Crematogaster kohli |Forel, 1909
||Crematogaster kojimai |
||Crematogaster kutteri |Viehmeyer, 1924
||Crematogaster laboriosa |Smith, 1874
||Crematogaster laestrygon |Emery, 1869
||Crematogaster laeviceps |Smith, 1858
||Crematogaster laevis |Mayr, 1878
||Crematogaster laevissima |Smith, 1860
||Crematogaster laeviuscula |Mayr, 1870
||Crematogaster lamottei |Bernard, 1953
||Crematogaster lango |Weber, 1943
||Crematogaster larreae |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster latuka |Weber, 1943
||Crematogaster laurenti |Forel, 1909
||Crematogaster ledouxi |Soulie, 1961
||Crematogaster levior |Longino, 2003
||Crematogaster libengensis |Stitz, 1916
||Crematogaster liengmei |Forel, 1894
||Crematogaster limata |Smith, 1858
||Crematogaster lineolata |(Say, 1836)
||Crematogaster linsenmairi |Feldhaar, Maschwitz & Fiala, 2016
||Crematogaster litoralis |Arnold, 1955
||Crematogaster lobata |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster longiceps |Forel, 1910
||Crematogaster longiceps |Santschi, 1910
||Crematogaster longiclava |Emery, 1893
||Crematogaster longipilosa |Forel, 1907
||Crematogaster longispina |Emery, 1890
||Crematogaster lorteti |Forel, 1910
||Crematogaster lotti |Weber, 1943
||Crematogaster lucayana |Wheeler, 1905
||Crematogaster luctans |Forel, 1907
||Crematogaster lutzi |Forel, 1905
||Crematogaster macracantha |Creighton, 1945
||Crematogaster madagascariensis |Andre, 1887
||Crematogaster madecassa |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster mafybe |Blaimer, 2013
||Crematogaster magitae |Forel, 1910
||Crematogaster magnifica |Santschi, 1925
||Crematogaster mahery |
||Crematogaster maina |Blaimer, 2013
||Crematogaster major |Donisthorpe, 1941
||Crematogaster malahelo |Blaimer, 2013
||Crematogaster malala |
||Crematogaster malevolens |
||Crematogaster mancocapaci |
||Crematogaster manni |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster margaritae |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster marioni |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster marthae |Forel, 1892
||Crematogaster maryatii |Feldhaar, Maschwitz & Fiala, 2016
||Crematogaster masokely |Blaimer, 2013
||Crematogaster matsumurai |Forel, 1901
||Crematogaster meijerei |Emery, 1911
||Crematogaster melanogaster |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster meneliki |
||Crematogaster menilekii |Forel, 1894
||Crematogaster mesonotalis |Emery, 1911
||Crematogaster microspina |Menozzi, 1942
||Crematogaster millardi |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster mimicans |Donisthorpe, 1932
||Crematogaster mimosae |Santschi, 1914
||Crematogaster minutissima |Mayr, 1870
||Crematogaster misella |Arnold, 1920
||Crematogaster missouriensis |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster mjobergi |Forel, 1915
||Crematogaster moatensis |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2016
||Crematogaster modica |
||Crematogaster modiglianii |Emery, 1900
||Crematogaster moelleri |
||Crematogaster montana |
||Crematogaster montenigrinus |
||Crematogaster monteverdensis |
||Crematogaster montezumia |Smith, 1858
||Crematogaster monticola |Arnold, 1920
||Crematogaster moorei |Donisthorpe, 1941
||Crematogaster moqorensis |Pisarski, 1967
||Crematogaster mormonum |Wheeler, 1919
||Crematogaster mosis |Forel, 1909
||Crematogaster mottazi |Santschi, 1928
||Crematogaster mpanjono |Blaimer, 2012
||Crematogaster mucronata |Emery, 1900
||Crematogaster muralti |Forel, 1910
||Crematogaster mutans |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster myops |Forel, 1911
||Crematogaster natalensis |Forel, 1910
||Crematogaster navajoa |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster nawai |Ito, 1914
||Crematogaster nesiotis |Mann, 1919
||Crematogaster neuvillei |Forel, 1907
||Crematogaster nigeriensis |Santschi, 1914
||Crematogaster nigrans |Forel, 1915
||Crematogaster nigriceps |Emery, 1897
||Crematogaster nigronitens |Santschi, 1917
||Crematogaster nigropilosa |Mayr, 1870
||Crematogaster nitidiceps |Emery
||Crematogaster nocturna |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster nosibeensis |Forel, 1891
||Crematogaster oasium |Santschi, 1911
||Crematogaster obnigra |Mann, 1919
||Crematogaster obscura |Smith, 1857
||Crematogaster obscurata |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster obscurior |Dalla Torre, 1892
||Crematogaster ocellata |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2016
||Crematogaster ochracea |Mayr, 1862
||Crematogaster ochraceiventris |Stitz, 1916
||Crematogaster oe |
||Crematogaster onusta |Stitz, 1925
||Crematogaster opaca |Mayr, 1870
||Crematogaster opaceipes |
||Crematogaster opaciceps |Mayr, 1901
||Crematogaster opuntiae |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster ornatipilis |Wheeler, 1918
||Crematogaster orobia |Santschi, 1919
||Crematogaster orthocrema |
||Crematogaster osakensis |Forel, 1900
||Crematogaster oscaris |Forel, 1910
||Crematogaster overbecki |Viehmeyer, 1916
||Crematogaster oxygynoides |Santschi, 1934
||Crematogaster painei |Donisthorpe, 1945
||Crematogaster pallida |Lowne, 1865
||Crematogaster pallipes |Mayr, 1862
||Crematogaster paolii |Menozzi, 1930
||Crematogaster paradoxa |Emery, 1894
||Crematogaster parallela |Santschi, 1925
||Crematogaster patei |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster pauciseta |Emery, 1899
||Crematogaster pauli |Emery, 1901
||Crematogaster pellens |Walker, 1859
||Crematogaster perelegans |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster peringueyi |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster peristerica |Menozzi, 1925
||Crematogaster perthensis |Crawley, 1922
||Crematogaster peruviana |(Wheeler, 1922)
||Crematogaster petiolidens |Forel, 1916
||Crematogaster pfeifferi |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2017
||Crematogaster philippinensis |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2016
||Crematogaster phoenica |Santschi, 1915
||Crematogaster phoenix |Santschi, 1921
||Crematogaster physothorax |Emery
||Crematogaster pia |Forel, 1911
||Crematogaster pilosa |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster pinicola |
||Crematogaster polita |Smith, 1865
||Crematogaster politula |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster polymnia |Santschi, 1922
||Crematogaster popohana |Forel, 1912
||Crematogaster praecursor |Emery, 1891
||Crematogaster primitiva |Radchenko & Dlussky, 2019
||Crematogaster pronotalis |
||Crematogaster pseudinermis |Viehmeyer, 1923
||Crematogaster pulchella |Bernard, 1953
||Crematogaster punctulata |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster pusilla |(Heer, 1850)
||Crematogaster pygmaea |Forel, 1904
||Crematogaster pygmaea |Revised Status
||Crematogaster pythia |Forel, 1915
||Crematogaster quadriceps |
||Crematogaster quadriformis |Roger, 1863
||Crematogaster quadriruga |Forel, 1911
||Crematogaster quadrispinosa |Roger, 1863
||Crematogaster queenslandica |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster ralumensis |Forel, 1901
||Crematogaster ramamy |Blaimer, 2013
||Crematogaster ranavalonae |Forel, 1887
||Crematogaster ransonneti |Mayr, 1868
||Crematogaster raptor |
||Crematogaster rasoherinae |Forel, 1891
||Crematogaster razana |Blaimer, 2012
||Crematogaster rectinota |Forel, 1913
||Crematogaster recurva |Emery, 1897
||Crematogaster resulcata |Bolton, 1995
||Crematogaster reticulata |Hosoishi, 2009
||Crematogaster retifera |Santschi, 1926
||Crematogaster rifelna |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster rivai |Emery, 1897
||Crematogaster rochai |Forel, 1903
||Crematogaster rogenhoferi |Mayr, 1879
||Crematogaster rogeri |Emery, 1922
||Crematogaster roslihashimi |Feldhaar, Maschwitz & Fiala, 2016
||Crematogaster rossi |Buren, 1968
||Crematogaster rothneyi |Mayr, 1879
||Crematogaster rudis |Emery, 1894
||Crematogaster rufa |(Jerdon, 1851)
||Crematogaster rufigena |Arnold, 1958
||Crematogaster rufotestacea |Mayr, 1876
||Crematogaster rugosa |Andre, 1895
||Crematogaster rugosior |Santschi, 1910
||Crematogaster ruspolii |Forel, 1892
||Crematogaster russata |
||Crematogaster russoi |Menozzi, 1930
||Crematogaster rustica |Santschi, 1935
||Crematogaster sabatra |
||Crematogaster sagei |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster sanguinea |Roger, 1863
||Crematogaster santschii |Forel, 1913
||Crematogaster saussurei |Forel, 1899
||Crematogaster scapamaris |Santschi, 1922
||Crematogaster scelerata |Santschi, 1917
||Crematogaster schencki |Forel, 1891
||Crematogaster schenki |Forel
||Crematogaster schimmeri |Forel, 1912
||Crematogaster schmidti |(Mayr, 1853)
||Crematogaster schultzei |Forel, 1910
||Crematogaster scita |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster sculpturata |Pergande, 1896
||Crematogaster scutellaris |(Olivier, 1792)
||Crematogaster semperi |Emery, 1893
||Crematogaster senegalensis |Roger, 1863
||Crematogaster sericea |Forel
||Crematogaster sevellei |
||Crematogaster sewardi |Forel
||Crematogaster sewellii |Forel, 1891
||Crematogaster sikkimensis |(Hosoishi, 2015) Forel, 2015
||Crematogaster (Crematogaster) simboloni |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2014
||Crematogaster similis |Stitz, 1911
||Crematogaster simoni |Emery, 1893
||Crematogaster sisa |
||Crematogaster sjostedti |Mayr
||Crematogaster skounensis |Soulie, 1961
||Crematogaster snellingi |
||Crematogaster solenopsides |Emery, 1899
||Crematogaster solenopsoides |
||Crematogaster solers |Forel, 1910
||Crematogaster sordidula |(Nylander, 1849)
||Crematogaster sorokini |Ruzsky, 1905
||Crematogaster soror |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster sotobosque |Longino, 2003
||Crematogaster spengeli |Forel, 1912
||Crematogaster stadelmanni |Mayr, 1895
||Crematogaster steinheili |Forel, 1881
||Crematogaster stenocephala |Emery, 1922
||Crematogaster stethogompha |Wheeler, 1919
||Crematogaster stigmata |Santschi, 1914
||Crematogaster stigmatica |
||Crematogaster stollii |Forel, 1885
||Crematogaster storki |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2016
||Crematogaster striaticeps |Forel
||Crematogaster striatula |Emery, 1892
||Crematogaster subcircularis |Mayr, 1879
||Crematogaster subcircularis |Smith
||Crematogaster subdentata |Mayr, 1877
||Crematogaster subnuda |Mayr, 1879
||Crematogaster subtonsa |
||Crematogaster suehiro |Terayama, 1999
||Crematogaster sumichrasti |Mayr, 1870
||Crematogaster sundalandensis |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2016
||Crematogaster tanakai |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2009
||Crematogaster tarsata |Smith, 1865
||Crematogaster tavaratra |Blaimer, 2013
||Crematogaster telolafy |Blaimer, 2012
||Crematogaster tenuicula |Forel, 1904
||Crematogaster teranishii |
||Crematogaster terminalis |(Shuckard, 1838)
||Crematogaster tetracantha |Emery, 1887
||Crematogaster thalia |Forel
||Crematogaster theta |Forel, 1911
||Crematogaster togoensis |Donisthorpe, 1945
||Crematogaster torosa |Mayr, 1870
||Crematogaster transiens |Forel, 1913
||Crematogaster transvaalensis |Forel, 1894
||Crematogaster transwaalensis |Forel
||Crematogaster trautweini |Viehmeyer, 1914
||Crematogaster travancorensis |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster treubi |Emery, 1896
||Crematogaster tricolor |Gerstäcker, 1859
||Crematogaster tsisitsilo |Blaimer, 2013
||Crematogaster tumidula |Emery, 1900
||Crematogaster udo |Forel, 1905
||Crematogaster unciata |Santschi, 1925
||Crematogaster uruguayensis |
||Crematogaster ustiventris |Menozzi, 1935
||Crematogaster vacca |Forel
||Crematogaster vandeli |Soulie, 1961
||Crematogaster vandermeermohri |Menozzi, 1930
||Crematogaster vermiculata |Emery, 1895
||Crematogaster vicina |
||Crematogaster victima |Smith, 1858
||Crematogaster vidua |Santschi, 1928
||Crematogaster viehmeyeri |
||Crematogaster vieti |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2016
||Crematogaster vitalisi |Menozzi, 1925
||Crematogaster voeltzkowi |Forel, 1907
||Crematogaster volamena |Blaimer, 2012
||Crematogaster vulcania |Santschi, 1913
||Crematogaster walshi |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster warburgi |Menozzi, 1933
||Crematogaster wardi |Longino, 2003
||Crematogaster wasmanni |Santschi, 1910
||Crematogaster weberi |Emery, 1911
||Crematogaster weitzeckeri |
||Crematogaster wellmani |Forel, 1909
||Crematogaster werneri |Mayr, 1907
||Crematogaster wheeleri |Mann, 1919
||Crematogaster whitei |Wheeler, 1915
||Crematogaster wilwerthi |Santschi, 1910
||Crematogaster wroughtonii |Forel, 1902
||Crematogaster xerophila |Wheeler, 1915
||Crematogaster yamanei |Hosoishi & Ogata, 2009
||Crematogaster yappi |Forel, 1901
||Crematogaster zavattarii |Menozzi, 1926
||Crematogaster zonacaciae |Weber, 1943
}}
;归入本属的物种：

參考資料
外部連結
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• [https://sites.google.com/site/intlsocfortaxonomicexplratins/home/pioneering-members-and-their-iste-groups/very-common-but-what-is-its-scientific-name/blackantsuniquenestonatreetrunk-philippines Black Ants' unique nest in a tree trunk- Philippines] by Isidro A. T. Savillo