銣(,原子質量單位:85.4678(3))共有45個同位素,不包括核同质异能素共有32種,其中有2個天然存在,但只有一種同位素是穩定的,除了和之外,還有24種人工合成的放射性同位素。它們的半衰期都在3個月以內,因此幾乎沒有應用價值。
天然的銣元素中,含有兩種銣的同位素,其中佔72.2%,佔27.8%。具有微弱的放射性,其半衰期超過1010年,但這樣的放射強度足以在30至60天使相機底片霧化或曝光並留下影像。
在銣的同位素中,質量數少於的多半進行质子发射衰變、至則進行正電子發射,其中有少數的會進行α衰變,更重的同位素則都進行貝他衰變,但有少部分會伴隨中子發射衰變。
銣-76
銣-76是銣的同位素中一種人造的放射性同位素,半衰期約為36.5秒。大部分的會進行正電子發射,一種貝他衰變,衰變成,但有極少數的(約3亿分之一)會再進行阿伐衰變,而變成。有一種核同质异能素,,激發能量約為30萬電子伏特,但其半衰期比少很多,只有約3奈秒。
銣-82
銣-82是銣的同位素中一種人造的放射性同位素,可經鍶-82的電子捕獲衰變過程產生,反應半生期約為25.36天。銣-82會再經正電子發射衰變為穩定的,半衰期為76秒。有一種核同质异能素,,激發能量約為69 千電子伏特,半衰期較長,約六個半小時
銣-85
銣-85是銣的同位素中唯一穩定的同位素,存在於天然的銣礦中,豐度約佔72%,其餘為銣-87,因此天然銣礦中有微弱的放射性,因此可以視為近似穩定或天然放射性同位素。且是一種,在地球形成時便已存在。會進行β衰變,在放射一個電子(β粒子)和微中子後會衰變成穩定的,在地質學與礦物學中,這個特性可以用來分析一些岩石的年齡,此種定年方發稱為銣-鍶定年法。此外,是激光冷卻和玻色–愛因斯坦凝聚應用上最常用的一種原子。也可以連同其他鹼金屬,來開發無自旋交換弛豫原子磁強計。
也是核裂變產物之一。
圖表
|-
| 71Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 34
| 70.96532(54)#
|
|
| 70Kr
| 5/2−#
|
|
|-
| 72Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| 71.95908(54)#
| 71Kr
| 3+#
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 72mRb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(100)# keV
| 1# µs
|
| 71Kr
| 1−#
|
|
|-
| 73Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| 72.95056(16)#
| 72Kr
| 3/2−#
|
|
|-
| 74Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| 73.944265(4)
| 64.76(3) ms
|
| 74Kr
| (0+)
|
|
|-
| 75Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 38
| 74.938570(8)
| 19.0(12) s
|
| 75Kr
| (3/2−)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|76Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 39
| rowspan=2|75.9350722(20)
| rowspan=2|36.5(6) s
|
| 76Kr
| rowspan=2|1(−)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , (3.8×10−7%)
| 72Se
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 76mRb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 316.93(8) keV
| 3.050(7) µs
|
|
| (4+)
|
|
|-
| 77Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 40
| 76.930408(8)
| 3.77(4) min
|
| 77Kr
| 3/2−
|
|
|-
| 78Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| 77.928141(8)
| 17.66(8) min
|
| 78Kr
| 0(+)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 78mRb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 111.20(10) keV
| rowspan=2|5.74(5) min
| (90%)
| 78Kr
| rowspan=2|4(−)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (10%)
| 78Rb
|-
| 79Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 42
| 78.923989(6)
| 22.9(5) min
|
| 79Kr
| 5/2+
|
|
|-
| 80Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 43
| 79.922519(7)
| 33.4(7) s
|
| 80Kr
| 1+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 80mRb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 494.4(5) keV
| 1.6(2) µs
|
|
| 6+
|
|
|-
| 81Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 44
| 80.918996(6)
| 4.570(4) h
|
| 81Kr
| 3/2−
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mRb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 86.31(7) keV
| rowspan=2|30.5(3) min
| IT (97.6%)
| 81Rb
| rowspan=2|9/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| (2.4%)
| 81Kr
|-
| 82Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| 81.9182086(30)
| 1.273(2) min
|
| 82Kr
| 1+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 82mRb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 69.0(15) keV
| rowspan=2|6.472(5) h
| (99.67%)
| 82Kr
| rowspan=2|5−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (.33%)
| 82Rb
|-
| 83Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 46
| 82.915110(6)
| 86.2(1) d
|
| 83Kr
| 5/2−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 83mRb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 42.11(4) keV
| 7.8(7) ms
| IT
| 83Rb
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|84Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
| rowspan=2|83.914385(3)
| rowspan=2|33.1(1) d
| (96.2%)
| 84Kr
| rowspan=2|2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| (3.8%)
| 84Sr
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 84mRb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 463.62(9) keV
| rowspan=2|20.26(4) min
| IT (>99.9%)
| 84Rb
| rowspan=2|6−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| (84Kr**
|-
|
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 48
| 84.911789738(12)
| colspan=3 align=center|**'
| 5/2−
| 0.7217(2)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|86Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
| rowspan=2|85.91116742(21)
| rowspan=2|18.642(18) d
| (99.9948%)
| 86Sr
| rowspan=2|2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| (.0052%)
| 86Kr
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 86mRb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 556.05(18) keV
| 1.017(3) min
| IT
| 86Rb
| 6−
|
|
|-
| 87Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 50
| 86.909180527(13)
| 4.923(22)×1010 y
|
| 87Sr
| 3/2−
| 0.2783(2)
|
|-
| 88Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 51
| 87.91131559(17)
| 17.773(11) min
|
| 88Sr
| 2−
|
|
|-
| 89Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 52
| 88.912278(6)
| 15.15(12) min
|
| 89Sr
| 3/2−
|
|
|-
| 90Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 53
| 89.914802(7)
| 158(5) s
|
| 90Sr
| 0−
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 90mRb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 106.90(3) keV
| rowspan=2|258(4) s
| (97.4%)
| 90Sr
| rowspan=2|3−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (2.6%)
| 90Rb
|-
| 91Rb
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| style="text-align:right" | 54
| 90.916537(9)
| 58.4(4) s
|
| 91Sr
| 3/2(−)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|92Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55
| rowspan=2|91.919729(7)
| rowspan=2|4.492(20) s
| (99.98%)
| 92Sr
| rowspan=2|0−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , (.0107%)
| 91Sr
|-
| rowspan=2|93Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56
| rowspan=2|92.922042(8)
| rowspan=2|5.84(2) s
| (98.65%)
| 93Sr
| rowspan=2|5/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , (1.35%)
| 92Sr
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 93mRb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 253.38(3) keV
| 57(15) µs
|
|
| (3/2−,5/2−)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|94Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57
| rowspan=2|93.926405(9)
| rowspan=2|2.702(5) s
| (89.99%)
| 94Sr
| rowspan=2|3(−)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , (10.01%)
| 93Sr
|-
| rowspan=2|95Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 58
| rowspan=2|94.929303(23)
| rowspan=2|377.5(8) ms
| (91.27%)
| 95Sr
| rowspan=2|5/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , n (8.73%)
| 94Sr
|-
| rowspan=2|96Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 59
| rowspan=2|95.93427(3)
| rowspan=2|202.8(33) ms
| (86.6%)
| 96Sr
| rowspan=2|2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , (13.4%)
| 95Sr
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 96mRb
| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(200)# keV
| rowspan=3|200# ms [>1 ms]
|
| 96Sr
| rowspan=3|1(−#)
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| IT
| 96Rb
|-
| ,
| 95Sr
|-
| rowspan=2|97Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 60
| rowspan=2|96.93735(3)
| rowspan=2|169.9(7) ms
| (74.3%)
| 97Sr
| rowspan=2|3/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , (25.7%)
| 96Sr
|-
| rowspan=3|98Rb
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61
| rowspan=3|97.94179(5)
| rowspan=3|114(5) ms
| (86.14%)
| 98Sr
| rowspan=3|(0,1)(−#)
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| , (13.8%)
| 97Sr
|-
| , 2 (.051%)
| 96Sr
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 98mRb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 290(130) keV
| 96(3) ms
|
| 97Sr
| (3,4)(+#)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|99Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 62
| rowspan=2|98.94538(13)
| rowspan=2|50.3(7) ms
| (84.1%)
| 99Sr
| rowspan=2|(5/2+)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , (15.9%)
| 98Sr
|-
| rowspan=3|100Rb
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 63
| rowspan=3|99.94987(32)#
| rowspan=3|51(8) ms
| (94.25%)
| 100Sr
| rowspan=3|(3+)
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| , (5.6%)
| 99Sr
|-
| , 2 (.15%)
| 98Sr
|-
| rowspan=2|101Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 64
| rowspan=2|100.95320(18)
| rowspan=2|32(5) ms
| (69%)
| 101Sr
| rowspan=2|(3/2+)#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , (31%)
| 100Sr
|-
| rowspan=2|102Rb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 65
| rowspan=2|101.95887(54)#
| rowspan=2|37(5) ms
| (82%)
| 102Sr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| , (18%)
| 101Sr
|}
参考文獻
Isotope masses from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080923134436/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/index.html Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation] by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from [http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/7506/7506x0683.html Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)] . Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and [http://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html Atomic Weights Revised (2005)] .
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
#* Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. [http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties] , Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
#* National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the [http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ NuDat 2.1 database] (retrieved Sept. 2005).
# David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition*, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
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