碳(原子量:12.0107(8))共有15個已知同位素,質量數介於8-22之間,其中有2個是穩定的,其他都具有放射性。天然存在的碳同位素有3個,分別是穩定的12C、13C和具放射性的14C,其中14C在自然界中僅痕量存在,為宇宙射線所產生。其餘同位素都不出現在自然界中,只有在實驗室製造出來過,且半衰期都很短,非常不穩定。
常見的碳同位素
碳-11
碳-11是碳的一個人造放射性同位素,半衰期約20.334分鐘。絕大多數的碳-11會透過β+衰變衰變為硼-11,其過程會發射出正子,而有少部分的(約0.19–0.23%)的碳-11會透過電子捕獲衰變為硼-11。
: → + + +
: + → + +
碳-11可以利用氮透過粒子加速器以下列反應制備:
: + → +
正电子发射计算机断层扫描中的放射線標記分子通常會使用含有放射性碳同位素碳-11的放射性分子,例如和。
碳-12
碳-12是碳的穩定同位素之一。其相對豐度是98.9%,是自然界中最普遍的碳同位素。
碳-13
碳-13是碳的穩定同位素之一。其相對豐度是1.1%。
碳-14
碳-14是碳的放射性同位素之一,半衰期約5730年。碳-14是碳唯一的天然放射性同位素,在自然界中痕量存在,為宇宙射線作用下發生14N + 1n → 14C + 1H反應而產生。
由於碳是有機物所含的元素之一,我們可以根據死亡生物體的體內殘餘碳-14的量來推斷它的存在年齡,稱為放射性碳定年法。
圖表
|-
| 8C
| style="text-align:right" | 6
| style="text-align:right" | 2
| 8.037675(25)
| 2.0(4) × 10−21 s
[230(50) keV]
| 2
|
| 0+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|9C
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 6
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 3
| rowspan=3|9.0310367(23)
| rowspan=3|126.5(9) ms
| (60%)
|
| rowspan=3|(3/2−)
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β+, p (23%)
|
|-
| , (17%)
|
|-
| 10C
| style="text-align:right" | 6
| style="text-align:right" | 4
| 10.0168532(4)
| 19.290(12) s
|
| **'
| 0+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 6
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 5
| rowspan=2 |11.0114336(10)
| rowspan=2 |20.334(24) min
| (99.79%)
| **'
| rowspan=2 |3/2−
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 |
|-
| (.21%)
| colspan=3 align=center|**'
| 0+
| 0.9893(8)
| 0.98853–0.99037
|-
|
| style="text-align:right" | 6
| style="text-align:right" | 7
| 13.0033548378(10)
| colspan=3 align=center|穩定
| 1/2−
| 0.0107(8)
| 0.00963–0.01147
|-
|
| style="text-align:right" | 6
| style="text-align:right" | 8
| 14.003241989(4)
| 5,730 years
|
| **'
| 0+
| 痕量或天然放射性
| −12
|-
| 15C
| style="text-align:right" | 6
| style="text-align:right" | 9
| 15.0105993(9)
| 2.449(5) s
|
| **'
| 1/2+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|16C
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 6
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 10
| rowspan=2|16.014701(4)
| rowspan=2|0.747(8) s
| β−, n (97.9%)
| **'
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β− (2.1%)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|17C
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 6
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=2|17.022586(19)
| rowspan=2|193(5) ms
| β− (71.59%)
|
| rowspan=2|(3/2+)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (28.41%)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|18C
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 6
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 12
| rowspan=2|18.02676(3)
| rowspan=2|92(2) ms
| β− (68.5%)
|
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (31.5%)
|
|-
| rowspan=3|19C
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 6
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 13
| rowspan=3|19.03481(11)
| rowspan=3|46.2(23) ms
| β−, n (47.0%)
|
| rowspan=3|(1/2+)
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β− (46.0%)
|
|-
| β−, 2n (7%)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|20C
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 6
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 14
| rowspan=2|20.04032(26)
| rowspan=2|16(3) ms
[14(+6-5) ms]
| β−, n (72.0%)
|
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β− (28.0%)
|
|-
| 21C
| style="text-align:right" | 6
| style="text-align:right" | 15
| 21.04934(54)#
| 22C
| style="text-align:right" | 6
| style="text-align:right" | 16
| 22.05720(97)#
| 6.2(13) ms
[6.1(+14-12) ms]
| β−
|
| 0+
|
|
|}
參考文獻
- Flannery, T 2005, The weather makers: the history & future of climate change, The Text Publishing Company, Melbourne, Australia. ISBN 1920885 84 6.
- Isotope masses from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080923134436/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/index.html Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation] by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from [http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/7506/7506x0683.html Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)] . Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and [http://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html Atomic Weights Revised (2005)] .
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
** Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. [http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties] , Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
** National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the [http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ NuDat 2.1 database] (retrieved Sept. 2005).
* David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition*, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
评论 (0)