通布卡语

通布卡语（，通布卡语：或，意為的語言）是班图语一支，主要在马拉维北部地区和赞比亚的隆達濟地区使用。 通布卡语与齐切瓦语和属于同一语群（ ）。

根據1998年的《世界年鉴》估计大约有2,000,000名通布卡语使用者，尽管其他来源估计使用人数要少得多。据说大多数讲通布卡语的人都住在马拉维。 通布卡语是马拉维北部地区使用最广泛的语言，尤其是在倫比、姆祖祖和姆津巴地区。

马拉维城市中使用的通布卡语（許多詞借用斯瓦希里语和齐切瓦语 ）与乡村中使用的通布卡语存在很大差异。 姆津巴方言則受到祖鲁语影响， 在有些詞彙上甚至出現搭嘴音，這在通布卡语其它方言並沒有发生。

自1968年以来，由于馬拉維總統黑斯廷斯·卡穆祖·班达的「一個民族，一种语言」的政策，通布卡语的使用受到了影响，它失去了在马拉维官方語言的地位， 導致通布卡语在学校課程，国家广播电台和印刷媒体中禁止使用。 随着1994年馬拉維民主化和多党制的到来，在馬拉維的广播上再次开播通布卡語的节目，但是通布卡語的书籍和其他出版物的数量仍然很少。

参考文献
参考书目

• Botne, Robert (1999). [https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/3356/botne%20book%20chapter.pdf?sequence=1 "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?"] . In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp. 473-515.
• Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
• Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). [https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/423_fulltext.pdf "Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka"] . Leiden University doctoral thesis.
• Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43, 55-79.
• Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 49, 47-65.
• Downing, Laura J. (2012). [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/42/paper2764.pdf "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka"] . Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
• Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) Intonation in African Tone Languages. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp. 365–392.
• Downing, Laura J. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Downing/publication/335175896_Tumbuka_prosody_Between_tone_and_stress/links/5d55398645851545af43be4d/Tumbuka-prosody-Between-tone-and-stress.pdf "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress"]. In: Emily Clem et al (eds). Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 75-94. Also available online at: [https://books.google.mw/books?id=fPSrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Tumbuka+prosody:+Between+tone+and+stress&source=bl&ots=gg3ea67vMK&sig=ACfU3U1i1dO9CXUEKTPihJMUdABHKIMJDg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjovfH_9q7kAhUhyoUKHUscAVwQ6AEwBnoECB4QAQ#v=onepage&q=Tumbuka%20prosody%3A%20Between%20tone%20and%20stress&f=false]
• Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language. Livingstonia Mission Press.
• Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). [http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol13num3/kamwendo.pdf Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi"] , Nordic Journal of African Studies 13(3): 275–288.
• Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie, L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages.
• Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi.
• Kiso, Andrea (2012). [http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:546594/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena"] . Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
• McNicholl, Duncan (2010). [http://malawinetwork.org/guide-to-chitumbuka.pdf "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1"] .
• Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics no.1, 100-120. (pp. 112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones).
• Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin.
• Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
• Turner, W.M. (1952). Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi).
• University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). [http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi"] .
• Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". African studies, v. 30, 1, p. 35-59.
• Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin.

外部链接

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html 关于通布卡语的简短报道。]
• [http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf 马拉维北部语言地图调查] 。 马拉维大学语言研究中心，2006年。
• [http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/mw-north-a4.jpg 马拉维北部语言地图]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051222115610/http://embangweni.com/chitumbu.htm 一些更多的chiTumbuka词汇。]
• [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Tumbuka 在图姆巴卡上的泛非L10n页面]
• [http://www.unima-cls.org/ Citumbuka单语词典]