国际和平局（）是成立于1891年的國際非政府組織，是世界上最早成立的国际和平组织，1910年获得诺贝尔和平奖。1913年，亨利·拉方丹也以国际和平局局長的身份获得诺贝尔和平奖。截至2012年，共有12名国际和平局成员獲得诺贝尔和平奖。
The International Peace Bureau (IPB) (), founded in 1891,In 1913 Henri La Fontaine was also awarded the Prize "[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau"., eleven other Nobel Peace Prize laureates have been members of the IPB.
Its membership consists of 300 organizations in 70 countries.IPB's headquarters are located in Berlin, Germany, with offices in Barcelona, Spain, and Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to 2017, the headquarters were in Geneva.
Its main programmes are the Global Campaign on Military Spending (GCOMS) and disarmament for sustainable development, which focuses both on nuclear and conventional weapons, as well as biological weapons, landmines, and small arms.
IPB holds Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and associate status with the United Nations Department of Global Communications.
The aim of the campaign is to pressure the world's governments to invest money in the sectors of health, education, employment and climate change rather than military. It also calls for an annual, minimum reallocation of 10% from the military budgets of all states. Finally, it advocates the reduction of arms production and international weapons trade.
The campaign organises the Global Day of Action on Military Spending (GDAMS) to bring public, media and political attention to the costs of military spending and the need to invest in new priorities.
GCOMS is managed from the decentralised Barcelona, Spain, office of IPB in coordination with Centre Delàs of Peace Studies. More than 100 organisations from 35 countries have joined the campaign.
Nuclear disarmament activism
IPB has been in the forefront of nuclear disarmament activities since 1945, including:
- Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
- Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
- World Court Project
- Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)
Currently, the IPB is campaigning to encourage the signing and ratification of the TPNW so that it may enter into force.
Seán MacBride Peace Prize
Established in 1992, the Seán MacBride Peace Prize is awarded by the International Peace Bureau to a person or organisation that "has done outstanding work for peace, disarmament and/or human rights."It is named after Seán MacBride, a Nobel Peace Prize winner who was chairman of the IPB from 1968 to 1974 and president from 1974 to 1985.
Recipients
The following are the recipients of the Seán MacBride Peace Prize since its inception in 1992:
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| 1997
|Seeds of Hope Group
| For disarming a Hawk aircraft bound for Indonesia.
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|-
| 1998
|John Hume
| For "his contribution to the Northern Ireland peace process."
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|-
| 1999
| Barbara Gladysch
| For her "extraordinary and year-long commitment to disarmament and practical solidarity with victims of wars and disasters."
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|-
| 2000
| 1) Praful Bidwai
2) Achin Vanaik
| For being at the "forefront of the international campaign against the nuclearisation of South Asia."
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|-
| 2001
|Rosalie Bertell
| For "her lifelong engagement to the cause of peace and for her deep concern for the well-being of peoples all over the planet.
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|-
| 2002
|Barbara Lee
| For "her sole vote against the bombing of Afghanistan."
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|-
| 2003
|Nihon Hidankyō
| Survivors of the A bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. They have devoted the rest of their lives to the elimination of nuclear weapons.
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|-
| 2004
| Geneva Initiative on the Middle East
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|-
| 2005
|No award made
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|-
| 2006
|Mayors for Peace:
1) Tadatoshi Akiba
2) Iccho Itoh
| For "its achievements in arousing international public demand for the abolition of nuclear weapons and lasting world peace."
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|-
| 2007
|Jayantha Dhanapala
| For "his dedication to the cause of disarmament and his initiatives towards creating the Central Asian Nuclear-Weapons Free Zone."
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|-
| 2008
| Jacqueline Cabasso
| For "her years of outstanding work with NGOs and initiatives toward peace and the abolition of nuclear weapons."
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|-
| 2009
|Betty Reardon
| For "her contribution to peace education and to the wider peace movement."
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|-
| 2010
|Binalakshmi Nepram
| For "her extraordinary efforts to promote disarmament and an end to gun violence in India."
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|-
| 2011
| 1) Hanaa Edwar
2) Dr. Peter Becker
| 1) For "her contribution to the advancement of democracy and human rights, as well as her firm stand against violence and war;"
2) For his work with the German section of the International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA).
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|-
| 2012
| 1) Lina Ben Mhenni
2) Nawal El Saadawi
| For showing "great courage and ... substantial contributions to what is known as the Arab Spring."
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|-
| 2013
|Chelsea Manning
| For her "courageous actions in revealing information about US war crimes."
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|-
| 2014
| The People and Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands
| For "courageously taking the nine nuclear weapons-possessing countries to the International Court of Justice to enforce compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty and international customary law."
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|-
| 2015
| The People and the Island Communities of Lampedusa, Italy and Jeju Island, South Korea
| For showing "a profound commitment to peace and social justice."
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|-
| 2016
| IPB Secretary-General Colin Archer
| For 26 years "in the service of peace and of the IPB community."
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|-
| 2017
| 1) All Okinawa Council Against Henoko New Base
2) Noam Chomsky
3) Jeremy Corbyn
| 1) For "its unflagging commitment to close the Futemna Marine Air Base, and for its nonviolent opposition to the construction of a massive new air, land and sea base in Henoko;"
2) For his "tireless commitment to peace, his strong critiques to U.S. foreign policy, and his anti-imperialism;"
3) For his "sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace."
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|-
|2019
|1) Bruce Kent
2) Elayne Whyte Gómez
|1) An "internationally known peace activist and a 'real peace hero' who, even in his 90th year, remains an active campaigner and organizer for peace and human rights."
2) For "her invaluable contribution to the completion of the historic Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons."
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|-
|2020
|Black Lives Matter
|For its ‘leading roles in building resistance to and transforming local policies against systemic police violence and extrajudicial murders of Black people across the United States.’
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|}
Leadership
At the Triennial Assembly held in London on October 19 2019, a new group of IPB officials was elected.
President
The current co-presidents are:
- 1901 : Frédéric Passy (France), IPB council member
- 1902 : Élie Ducommun and Albert Gobat (Switzerland), first honorary secretaries of IPB
- 1905 : Bertha von Suttner (Austria), writer and honorary vice-president of IPB
- 1907 : Ernesto Moneta (Italy), IPB council member
- 1908 : Fredrik Bajer (Denmark), honorary president of IPB
- 1910 : The International Peace Bureau
- 1911 : Alfred Fried (Austria), IPB council member
- 1913 : Henri La Fontaine (Belgium), president of IPB
- 1927 : Ludwig Quidde (Germany), IPB council member
- 1959 : Philip Noel-Baker (United Kingdom), IPB vice-president
- 1962 : Linus Pauling (United States), IPB vice-president
- 1974 : Seán MacBride (Ireland), IPB chairman and president
- 1982 : Alva Myrdal (Sweden), IPB vice-president
Presidents
The IPB has a co-president system that ensures a gender-balance among leadership. Each president can currently serve up to two terms of three years.
*Henri La Fontaine – 1907–1943
*Ernst Wolf – 1963–1974
*Seán MacBride – 1974–1985
*Bruce Kent – 1985–1992
*Maj Britt Theorin – 1992–2000
*Cora Weiss – 2000–2006
*Tomas Magnusson – 2006–2013
*Ingeborg Breines – 2009–2016
*Reiner Braun – 2013–2019
*Lisa Clark – 2016–present
*Philip Jennings – 2019–present
參見
*
- Fredrik Bajer
- Élie Ducommun
- Charles Albert Gobat
- Henri La Fontaine
- Bertha von Suttner
*
*
参考
参考文献
- Gobat, Albert，《Développement du Bureau international permanent de la paix》（国际和平局发展史），Bern，1910年。
- Herz, Ulrich，《The International Peace Bureau: History, Aims, Activities》（国际和平局：历史、目标、活动）. Geneva，1969年。
- From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1901-1925, Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972.
Gobat, Albert, Développement du Bureau international permanent de la paix*. Bern, 1910.
Herz, Ulrich, The International Peace Bureau: History, Aims, Activities*. Geneva, 1969.
From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1901-1925*, Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972.
外部链接
*
- [https://www.demilitarize.org/ GCOMS website]
- [http://ipb.org/i/index.html International 国际和平局官方网站]
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