資訊經濟學

資訊經濟學（），微观经济学中的分支。由美國經濟學家喬治·斯蒂格勒在1961年率先提出，他個人認為：產品資訊的內容會對經濟活動及消費者購買決策產生某部份的影響。

我們以最基本的產品價格資訊來看，市場上各家零售商對產品的價格不一，所以消費者為了追求最便宜的價格，會逐一比較各家的價格，以得出一個最低價格，而這個比價的動作我們稱為「搜尋」。消費者搜尋時，勢必會額外付出較多的時間及精力，因此消費者不會無限制的搜尋，而是到消費成本超過所預期獲得的利益（指最低價格的價差）時就會停止下來。當然消費者在進行搜尋的動作時，會付出額外的時間、精力及金錢，當消費者搜尋到一個程度時，我們稱為「邊際成本＝期望邊際效益」，這時消費者就不再繼續搜尋。搜尋過程的成本支出，對應所得到的資訊，檢測是否符合降低採購風險，提升採購的正確性，這就叫做「效益」，而邊際成本＝期望邊際效益則就是成本效益的損益平衡點。

參見

• 逆向選擇
• 契約理論
• 道德風險

參考文獻

• Akerlof, George (1970). The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), pp. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1879431 488]-500. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090306082734/http://www.econ.ox.ac.uk/members/christopher.bowdler/akerlof.pdf Cached copy.]
• Birchler, Urs, and Monika Bütler (2007). Information Economics. London, Routledge. ISBN 978-0415373463. [http://books.google.com/books?id=alSXCzWQmKcC&dq=Birchler,+U.W.,+and+M.+B%C3%BCtler+(2007).+%22Information+Economics%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Description] and chapter-arrow-page links, pp. [http://books.google.com/books?id=alSXCzWQmKcC&pg=PR7&lpg=PP1&dq=Birchler,+U.W.,+and+M.+B%C3%BCtler+(2007).+%22Information+Economics%22 vii] -[http://books.google.com/books?id=alSXCzWQmKcC&pg=PR11&lpg=PP1&dq=Birchler,+U.W.,+and+M.+B%C3%BCtler+(2007).+%22Information+Economics%22 xi.]
• Lippman, S. S., and J. J. McCall (2001). "Information, Economics of," International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 7480–7486. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080926130228/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KS&_rdoc=16&_hierId=151000134&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000134&_fmt=summary&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=28&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=748a6fddc8a0c1b70f58f6d282af81fd Abstract.]
• Maasoumi, Esfandiar (1987). "Information theory," A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, pp. 846–51.
• Mas-Colell, Andreu; Michael D. Whinston, and Jerry R. Green (1995), Microeconomic Theory. Oxford University Press. Chapters 13 and 14 discuss applications of adverse selection and moral hazard models to contract theory.
• The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2008). 2nd Edition, selected entries:

: Bubbles" by Markus K. Brunnermeier [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000278&q=information&topicid=&result_number=19 Abstract.]
: "Epistemic game theory: incomplete information" by Aviad Heifetz. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000191&q=information&topicid=&result_number=6 Abstract.]
: "Information aggregation and prices" by James Jordan. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000247&q=information&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]
:"Information cascades," by , Sushil Bikhchandani, David Hirshleifer and Ivo Welch. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000103&q=information&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.]
: "Information sharing among firms" by Xavier Vives.[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000250&q=information&topicid=&result_number=4 Abstract.]
: "Information technology and the world economy" by Dale W. Jorgenson and Khuong Vu. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000275&q=information&topicid=&result_number=10 Abstract.]
: "Insider trading." by Andrew Metrick. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000122&q=information&topicid=&result_number=37 Abstract.]
:"Learning and information aggregation in networks" by Douglas Gale and Shachar Kariv. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_L000218&q=information&topicid=&result_number=8 Abstract.]
: "Monetary business cycles (imperfect information)" by Christian Hellwig. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000375&q=information&topicid=&result_number=5 Abstract.]
: "Social networks in labour markets" by Antoni Calvó-Armengol and Yannis M. Ioannides. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000471&q=information&topicid=&result_number=14 Abstract.]
: "Prediction markets" by Justin Wolfers and Eric Zitzewitz.[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000340&q=information&topicid=&result_number=20 Abstract.]

• Pissarides, C. A. (2001). "Search, Economics of," International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 13760–13768. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324090358/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-32F&_rdoc=27&_hierId=151000134&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000134&_fmt=high&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=28&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c5208bb5af455b336d71f75b6472a94c Abstract.]
• Shapiro, Carl, and Hal R. Varian (1999). Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Harvard University Press. (publisher's [http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b01/en/common/viewFileNavBean.jhtml?_requestid=45595 excerpts])
• Spence, Michael A. (1973). "Job Market Signaling," Quarterly Journal of Economics 83(3) , pp. 355–377.
• Stigler, George J. (1961). “The Economics of Information,” Journal of Political Economy, 69(3), pp. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28196106%2969%3A3%3C213%3ATEOI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage 213-]225.
• Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2000). "The Contributions of the Economics of Information to Twentieth Century Economics," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(4) , pp. 1441–1478.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090320000729/http://www.iue.it/Personal/Courty/Stglitz2000.pdf]
• Theil, Henri (1967). Econonomics and Information Theory. Amsterdam, North Holland.

Economie de l'information