核爆電磁脈衝（英文：Nuclear electromagnetic pulse，縮寫：NEMP）是核爆炸時產生的電磁脈衝。它會導致劇烈的磁場和電場變化，從而對電子設備造成嚴重破壞。在高空爆炸的核彈可製造高空核爆電磁脈衝（HEMP）。
歷史
在早期核試驗中人們已經知道核爆可以產生電磁脈衝，但對其威力並無直觀感覺。由於恩里科·费米的提醒，1945年7月16日美國及世界上第一次核試驗三位一體核試中實驗方對電子設備做了提前保護、隔離。在1958年4月28日的硬饼干一号行动中人類首次觀測到核爆電磁脈衝的效果，1962年7月美國「星海一號」 的高空核試驗中核爆電磁脈衝的威力再次得到確認。這場核試驗中美方在太平洋中心上空處引爆了一顆144萬吨核彈，結果導致外的夏威夷300盞街燈熄滅，破壞了一個微波中繼器并觸發了多個警報器。由於當時夏威夷電子基礎設施建設比美國本土要強，這場電磁脈衝的影響可能還被弱化了一些，如損壞的街燈只佔夏威夷街路燈總數的百分之一到三。這些破壞之後得到了迅速的修復。1981年威廉·布洛德在《科學》雜誌上發佈了三篇論文，使得核爆電磁脈衝的影響進一步為人所周知。而根據美國非營利機構電力科學研究院(EPRI)在2019年的研究報告顯示，此類大規模核爆電磁脈衝確實可以造成局部性區域停電（影響多個州），但可在短期內恢復正常，不會破壞全國性電網，影響遠低於影視小說渲染與想像 。
參考文獻
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- Vladimir Gurevich "Cyber and Electromagnetic Threats in Modern Relay Protection" - CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), Boca Raton – New York – London, 2014, 222 p.
- Vladimir Gurevich "Protection of Substation Critical Equipment Against Intentional Electromagnetic Threats" - Wiley, London, 2016, 300 p.
擴展閱讀
- A 21st Century Complete Guide to Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack Threats, Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic ... High-Altitude Nuclear Weapon EMP Attacks (CD-ROM)
- Threat posed by electromagnetic pulse (EMP) to U.S. military systems and civil infrastructure: Hearing before the Military Research and Development Subcommittee - first session, hearing held July 16, 1997 (Unknown Binding)
- Electromagnetic Pulse Radiation and Protective Techniques
- Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack
外部連結
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- [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/1988/CM2.htm GlobalSecurity.org – Electromagnetic Pulse: From chaos to a manageable solution]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/19961213134039/http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-pamphlets/ep.htm Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and Tempest Protection for Facilities] – U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
- [http://glasstone.blogspot.com/2006/03/emp-radiation-from-nuclear-space.html EMP data from Starfish nuclear test measured by Richard Wakefield of LANL, and review of evidence pertaining to the effects 1,300 km away in Hawaii, also review of Russian EMP tests of 1962]
- [https://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-6028 Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding HEMP]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125084016/http://assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/basic_profile.cfm?ident_number=204459 MIL-STD-188-125-1]
- [http://science.howstuffworks.com/e-bomb.htm How E-Bombs Work]
- [http://www.empcommission.org Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070113/http://economicsnewspaper.com/economics/are-nuclear-power-plants-would-survive-a-nuclear-electromagnetic-pulse-or-a-solar-storm-5181.html NEMP and Nuclear plant]
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