{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=哥倫比亞內戰
|partof=冷战(1964年—1991年)
和毒品戰爭(1991年至今)
|image=Collage conflicto interno armado en Colombia.jpg
|caption=
|date= 1964年5月27日至今
()
|place=哥伦比亚
|territory=
|status= 正在进行
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|combatant1= **'
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支持者:
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|combatant2=哥伦比亚右翼准军事组织
- 哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍 (1997–2008)
- (1978–1999)
- (1994–2007)
- (1964–2009)
- (2008–2014)
- (2006–2016)
- (2004–2016)
- (2010–2017)
- (2010–2017)
- (1964–2010)
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|combatant3 = **' (左翼)
- ELN
- EPL
*FARIP
- FARC ((1964–2017))
- M-19 (1985–2007)
*MOEC (1964–1990)
*MAQL (1964–1995)
*ERC (1964–1992)
*ERG (1964–2008)
*PRT (1964–1991)
支持者:
(聲稱)
(1964–1991)
(1964–1991)
(2008—2016)
*麥德林集團
*錫納羅亞販毒集團
|commander1=哥倫比亞政府:
伊万·杜克·马尔克斯
胡安·曼努埃尔·桑托斯
阿尔瓦罗·乌里韦
安德烈斯·帕斯特拉纳·阿朗戈
埃内斯托·桑佩尔·皮萨诺
塞萨尔·加维里亚·特鲁希略
|commander2=哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍:
Fidel Castaño
Carlos Castaño
Vicente Castaño
Rodrigo Tovar Pupo
Salvatore Mancuso
Diego Murillo
|commander3=FARC:
Timoleón Jiménez
Iván Márquez
Joaquín Gómez
Mauricio Jaramillo
ELN:
Antonio García
Francisco Galán
|strength1=國家警察:175250
陸軍: 237,567
|strength3=FARC: 13,980 (2016)
ELN: 1,380 – 3,000 (2013)
IRAFP: ~80
|casualties1= 士兵和警察:
2004 年以來 4,908 人死亡
34,065 人自 2004 年以來被俘
平民喪生: 177,307
孩童流離失所:230萬。对哥伦比亚内战的国际赞助者包括跨国集团公司、美国以及贩毒集团。
現代
冷戰後,由於失去蘇聯及其它前社會主義國家的支援,哥伦比亚革命武装力量因要籌集經費,開始插足可卡因及綁架政客等勾當,以致形象急劇轉差,被视为恐怖主義組織。 因此,哥伦比亚共产党解除了哥伦比亚革命武装力量与其之间的隶属关系,哥伦比亚革命武装力量遂成為一個獨立的政治军事組織。2007年,哥伦比亚革命武装力量人數約為3000-4000人。哥革武參與了哥倫比亞25-30%恐怖事件,尤其是在該國東南部的叢林以及安第斯山脈腳下的平原地區。哥伦比亚革命武装力量曾釋放多名「有價值」人質,意圖改善形象。
2012年,在以古巴和挪威作为担保国、以委内瑞拉和智利作为观察国的斡旋框架下,双方开始在古巴首都哈瓦那进行和谈。2016年6月23日,双方签署最终停火协议,8月24日哥伦比亚政府与哥伦比亚革命武装力量在古巴首都哈瓦那达成最终全面和平协议,协议包括停战、农村改革、打击贩毒、被遣散的游击队员可参与政治、建立过渡性司法机构等内容,但和平协议内容的合法性最终将由全民公投决定。但哥伦比亚前总统乌里韦认为,最初的和平协议向反政府武装妥协过多、对受害者不公,呼吁民众投反对票,并要求对协议进行深入修改。與先前民調結果大相逕庭,10月2日举行的公投结果为支持 49.77%,反對 50.22%,协议意外遭到否決。11月24日哥伦比亚总统胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯与哥伦比亚革命武装力量领导人罗德里格·隆多尼奥在波哥大的科隆剧院签署了一份经修改的新的和平协议。而这一次,新的协议将会在国会核准,无需再进行全民表决。2017年6月27日,哥伦比亚革命武装力量停止作为武装团体存在。9月1日,该组织正式改组为大众革命替代力量,并于10月31日向官方注册为合法政党。
另見
*争取进步联盟
*墨西哥毒品戰爭
*巴拉圭东北部动乱
*秘鲁内部冲突
參考資料
註解
[PDF file]
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Stokes, p. 26, quoting Marc Grossman, U.S. undersecretary of state for political affairs.
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Livingstone, (Foreword by Pearce, Jenny), p. xvii (f24)
Livingstone, p. 5;
Pearce's forward in Livingstone, p. xx
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Legrand, p. 165. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20060531102120/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/58201.html#fifteen#fifteen Note #15] for more on women in the conflict.
Legrand, p. 165. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20060531102120/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/58201.html#eighteen#eighteen Note #18] for more on peasant support for the guerrillas. (see also Ortiz 2001; Reyes Posada and A. Bejarano 1988; Archila N. 1996)", [https://web.archive.org/web/20060531102120/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/58201.html Notes].
Legrand, p. 165. Lengrand states: "Some observers noted that this percentage of supposed paramilitary supporters elected to congress in March 2002 corresponded to the number of representatives elected from Uraba and the Atlantic coast where the paramilitaries are strong. (El Tiempo March 13–14, 2002)", see [https://web.archive.org/web/20060531102120/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/58201.html Notes].
[PDF file]
[PDF file]
[PDF file]
Livingstone, p. 5;
Livingstone, p. 110.
Livingstone, p. 7; Quoting: Colombia: Inseguridad, Violencia, y Desempeño Económico en las Areas Rurales, Consejería para la Paz de la Presidencia de la República, Colombia, 1999, Director de Investigación: Jesus Antonio Bejarano Avila.
Livingstone, p. 5
Livingstone, p. 5; Canby, p 31
Livingstone, p. 6;
Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists;
Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists;
Livingstone, p. 7; Source: Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS);
Livingstone, p. 7; Richani, p. 87
Livingstone, p. 7
來源
延伸閱讀
書
英文
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其他語言
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期刊文獻
- Sherman, John W. "Political Violence in Colombia: Dirty Wars Since 1977." History Compass (Sep 2015) 13#9 pp 454–465.
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政府及非政府組織報告
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- Extensive ideas on solutions to the Colombia conflict
- (Spanish and English)
- (Spanish and English)
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新聞
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- Guests: Ezequiel Vitonas, former mayor of Toribio, and Manuel Rozental, human rights activist. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Segment available in and via [http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2005/may/audio/dn20050520.ra&proto=rtsp&start=46:35 streaming real audio], [http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2005/may/video/dnB20050520a.rm&proto=rtsp&start=46:35 128k streaming Real Video] or [https://archive.org/download/dn2005-0520/dn2005-0520-1_64kb.mp3 MP3 download].
*[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/017/301nyrut.asp?page=1 The Colombian Miracle]
外部連結
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151017055541/http://midwestdiplomacy.com/2015/09/28/what-the-farc/ Overview of Colombian–FARC Peace Process]
- [http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21677414-former-combatants-colombias-internal-armed-conflict-spent-two-years-painting-their-experiences Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombia] – (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive)
- (Ongoing reporting on the Colombian conflict and active criminal groups)
- (collection of declassified U.S. documents online)
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122036/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~cmguhnkn/plancolombia/ Plan Colombia by Carmen Guhn-Knight]
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- (In Spanish and English with chronology and key texts and agreements)
- Colombian-based private research center that studies the conflict (In Spanish and English)
- (In Spanish and English)
- (In Spanish and English)
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- Maps of the conflict.
- (in Spanish)
- (in Spanish and English) – No longer available online (censored by U.S. government)
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- (PDF) Is the Colombia conflict a civil war?
- (in German and English)
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- by Doug Stokes
*[http://kerishdp365.com/ Red Resistencia]
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*[http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/CO_DIS.htm?v=in_detail Crisis briefing on displacement because of the war] from Reuters AlertNet
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