史蒂芬·阿諾·道格拉斯

史蒂芬·阿諾·道格拉斯（，），美国佛蒙特州人，是一名民主黨籍的政治家。道格拉斯曾任聯邦眾議員與聯邦參議員，也是內布拉斯加法案的設計者，並曾在1860年代表民主黨參選美國總統，但敗於共和黨的亞伯拉罕·林肯。道格拉斯先前在中与林肯的辩论中战胜了他。他曾推动通过了1850年妥协案来防止蓄奴问题导致更大的南北区域分歧。道格拉斯坚持倡导人民主权，认为美国领地蓄奴与否的问题应自行解决、而不受到联邦干涉。该立场同时被和廢奴主義者反对。由于其较小的体型和具有影响力的政治地位，道格拉斯常被称为“小巨人”（英语：Little Giant）。

职业生涯
1860年总统选举
提名
道格拉斯在1858年重新胜选参议员巩固了他在民主党党内获取1860年美国总统选举提名的可能。他的支持者主要来自北方和中西部，而如亚历山大·史蒂芬斯的一些亲联邦南方政客也同意他的主张。道格拉斯和时任总统詹姆斯·布坎南不合，而他的主张则让更多南方参议员对其反感。在中，布坎南联合其南方盟友豁免了道格拉斯的主席的职位。道格拉斯协助阻止了通过联邦奴隶条款，而后他建立农业赠地大学的法案被布坎南否决。

后续
选举结束后，道格拉斯重返参议院，致力于防止美国分裂。他加入了由约翰·J·克里滕登领导的十三名参议员组成的特别委员会，寻求通过立法手段解决南北之间日益加剧的地区紧张局势。他支持克里滕登妥协案，该妥协案呼吁进行一系列宪法修正案，将密苏里妥协案写入宪法，但克里滕登妥协案在委员会中被共和党人和南方极端分子联手否决。1860年圣诞节，道格拉斯写信给亚历山大·H·斯蒂芬斯，表示支持吞并墨西哥作为奴隶领地，以避免分裂。南卡罗来纳州于1860年12月20日投票决定脱离联邦，到1月中旬，其他五个南方州也做出了同样的决定。1861年2月，杰斐逊·戴维斯就任美利坚联盟国总统，该联盟国由几个决定脱离美国的南方州组成。

道格拉斯希望当选总统林肯支持1861年和会，这是阻止分裂的另一次尝试，但没有成功。林肯不愿意支持这次会议，尽管道格拉斯称他与林肯的会面“特别愉快”。作为长期反对保护主义的人，他投票反对莫里尔关税，而是呼吁与加拿大、墨西哥、古巴和中美洲建立关税同盟。道格拉斯称赞林肯的第一次就职演说，称其为“向南方发出的和平信号，而非战争信息”。

1861年4月，在南方军队袭击萨姆特堡后，林肯决定宣布叛乱状态，并呼吁75,000名士兵镇压叛乱。道格拉斯与林肯私下会面，在公告发布前审阅并批准了公告。他只提出了一个修改意见：林肯应该征召20万军队，而不仅仅是7万5千（事实上，当时法律规定林肯只能征召7万5千）。他对一位朋友说：“我认识林肯先生的时间比你或这个国家都要长。他会没事的，我们都会支持他。” 4 月下旬，道格拉斯离开华盛顿前往中西部，在那里他为联邦事业争取支持。

1861年5月，道格拉斯病倒，卧床不起。尽管他的同伴最初预计他会很快康复，但道格拉斯却感染了伤寒并造成了其他的并发症，最终于6月3日去世，年仅48岁，此日恰逢南北战争第一场冲突腓立比战役爆发。

註釋
參考文獻

• Robert W. Johannsen, ed. The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (1961)
• Paul M. Angle, ed., Created Equal? The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 (1958)
• Clinton, Anita Watkins. "Stephen Arnold Douglas - His Mississippi Experience," Journal of Mississippi History 1988 50(2): 56-88.
• Lincoln, Abraham and Douglas, Stephen A. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text. Harold Holzer, Ed. Harpercollins, 1993.
• Harry V. Jaffa and Robert W. Johannsen, eds. In the Name of the People: Speeches and Writings of Lincoln and Douglas in the Ohio Campaign of 1859. (1959) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14158867 online version]
• Douglas, Stephen Arnold. [http://books.google.com/books?id=_QJU7k3nTZEC A brief treatise upon constitutional and party questions, and the history of political parties], (1861) James Madison Cutts, ed. (1866)

*

延伸閱讀

• Barbee, David R., and Milledge L. Bonham, Jr. "The Montgomery Address of Stephen A. Douglas," Journal of Southern History, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Nov., 1939), pp. 527–552 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191831 in JSTOR]
• Bordewich, Fergus M. America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/Americas-Great-Debate-Compromise-Preserved/dp/1439124604/ excerpt and text search]
• Capers, Gerald M. Stephen A. Douglas: Defender of the Union (1959), short biography
• Childers, Christopher. "Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay," Civil War History Volume 57, Number 1, March 2011 pp. 48–70 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v057/57.1.childers.html in Project MUSE]
• Clinton, Anita Watkins. "Stephen Arnold Douglas - His Mississippi Experience" Journal of Mississippi History 1988 50(2): 56-88.
• Dean; Eric T., Jr. "Stephen A. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty" Historian 1995 57(4): 733-748 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001651628 online version]
• Egerton, Douglas R., Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War, Bloomsbury Press, 2010. [http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/year_of_meteors_hc_197 more on the book]
• Eyal, Yonatan. "With His Eyes Open: Stephen A. Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Disaster of 1854" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 1998 91(4): 175-217. ISSN 1522-1067
• Glickstein, Jonathan A., American exceptionalism, American anxiety: wages, competition, and degraded labor in the Antebellum United States; University of Virginia Press, (2002)
• Hansen, Stephen and Nygard, Paul. "Stephen A. Douglas, the Know-nothings, and the Democratic Party in Illinois, 1854-1858" Illinois Historical Journal 1994 87(2): 109-130.
• Huston, James L. "Democracy by Scripture versus Democracy by Process: A Reflection on Stephen A. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty." Civil War History. 43#1 (1997) pp: 189+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001520995 online version]
• Huston, James L. "Stephen A. Douglas and the Dilemmas of Democratic Equality." Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007.
• Jaffa, Harry V. Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates. 1959. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=2994943 online version]
• Johannsen, Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas (1973), 993pp
• Johannsen, Robert W. The Frontier, the Union, and Stephen A. Douglas U. of Illinois Press, 1989.
• McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom. Oxford Univ. Press, 1988. Standard modern history of the war.
• Milton, George Fort. The Eve of Conflict: Stephen A. Douglas and the Needless War (1934), older scholarly biography
• Morris, Roy, Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln's Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America, HarperCollins Publishers, 2008.
• Morrison, Michael A.Slavery and the American west: the eclipse of manifest destiny and the coming of the American Civil War University of North Carolina Press, (1997)
• Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union especially vol 1-4 (1947–63): Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852; A House Dividing, 1852-1857; Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857-1859; Prologue to Civil War, 1859-1861.
• Nichols, Roy F. "The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography", Mississippi Valley Historical Review 43 (1956): 187-212; [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1902683in JSTOR]
• Peck, Graham A. "Was Stephen A. Douglas Antislavery?," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, Summer 2005 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070513042549/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/26.2/peck.html online]
• Quitt, Martin H. "Stephen A. Douglas and Antebellum Democracy." (2012) New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (1920) vol 1-2, detailed narrative
• Russel, Robert R. "What Was the Compromise of 1850?" Journal of Southern History 20 (1956): 292-309 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2954547 in JSTOR]
• Russel, Robert R. "The Issues in the Congressional Struggle Over the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854," Journal of Southern History 29 (May 1963): 187-210; [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2205040 in JSTOR]
• Stevenson, James A. "Lincoln vs. Douglas over the Republican Ideal" American Studies 1994 35(1): 63-89
• Zarefsky, David. Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: in the Crucible of Public Debate (1990). 309 pp

外部連結
*
*Project Gutenberg text of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2593 Life of Stephen A. Douglas] by William Gardner
*[http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;view=toc;idno=AAS6856.0001.001 Page images of two Speeches made by Douglas, one on the Compromise of 1850]
*[http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;view=toc;idno=AGK7833.0001.001 Speech made before the NY State Agricultural Society]
*[http://www.stephenadouglas.org Association dedicated to preservation of Douglas history. Site contains many speeches and images.]
*