油砂（，亦称焦油砂）是一种非常规石油资源，通常是由砂岩、沥青、黏土和水组成的混合物，为膠狀黑色物質。約兩噸的油砂才能提煉出一桶原油，油砂含油量約佔本身兩成左右。焦油砂占据了世界石油储量的66%，主要分布在加拿大。
各地开采与使用
目前加拿大的估計可採量達3150億桶以上，僅次於沙特阿拉伯之原油蘊藏量。目前加拿大每天能開採約100萬桶原油，未來計劃提升至每天200萬桶原油的數量。
台灣中油公司於2008年和加拿大當地的印地安油砂公司合作，雙方簽署8億加元投資的備忘錄將合作開採油砂。
2013年，美国拟為拱心石輸油管道擴建專門運輸油砂的管線，稱之為「XL工程」；正當参议院拟投票為工程开绿灯之時，因其对环境影响极大而遭油管沿線地區民眾嚴重抗議，在不到24小时內集合了60万份请愿书。最終，時任总统奧巴馬在諮詢過當地農民及原住民部落的意见后，否決了油砂管線工程。
參見
- 阿薩巴斯卡油砂
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參考資料
外部連結
- [http://paper.wenweipo.com/2004/06/02/GJ0406020004.htm 環境殺手：焦油砂煉油]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825132637/http://oilsandsdiscovery.com/ Oil Sands Discovery Centre, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20100530120500/http://www.oilsandswatch.org/home OilSandsWatch.org], Pembina Institute advocacy site
- [http://www.cbc.ca/doczone/tarsands/ "Tar Sands: The Selling of Alberta"] , 加拿大廣播公司, 12 March 2008
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070307063211/http://www.oilsandsconsultations.gov.ab.ca/docs/InterimReport_Appendix_FactSheet.pdf Interim Report Appendix Fact Sheet] (PDF file), Alberta stakeholder consultations
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504105236/http://sierraclub.ca/prairie/tarnation.htm About the Alberta tar sands, environmental issues], 塞拉俱乐部 advocacy site
- Eddy Isaacs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20091119043713/http://www.technology.gov.ab.ca/objects/content_revision/download.cfm/item_id.129222/workspace_id.128427 Canadian Oil Sands: Development and Future Outlook], 14 February 2005
- Edward Burtynsky, [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/v5/content/features/oilsands/index.html An aerial look at the Alberta Tar Sands]
- Guy Caruso, [http://www.api.org/aboutoilgas/security/upload/Caruso2005.pdf When Will World Oil Production Peak?] , Energy Information Administration, 美國能源部, for 10th Annual Asia Oil and Gas Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 13 June 2005
- G.R. Gray, R. Luhning: [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000787 Bitumen] The Canadian Encyclopedia
- [http://www.onearth.org/article/canadas-highway-to-hell Canada's Highway to Hell] On Earth Magazine, Natural Resources Defense Council 1 September 2007
- Jiri Rezac, [http://www.jirirezac.com/stories/oilsands/ Alberta Oilsands] photo story and aerials
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205150634/http://citizen.nfb.ca/tar-sands Exploring the Alberta tar sands, Citizenshift, National Film Board of Canada]
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