瑟古德·马歇尔

瑟古德·马歇尔（，），美国民权律师和法学家，1967年至1991年间担任美国最高法院大法官，他是第一位担任此职的非裔美國人。

大法官
在担任大法官前，马歇尔曾在布朗訴托皮卡教育局案中担任原告律师，主张南方各州实施的种族隔离政策违反美国宪法第十四修正案，在最高法院获得胜诉。布朗案因宣告种族隔离政策违宪而成为美国历史上一个里程碑式的判决，美国前总统小布什称其为“一個使美國永遠更好的判決”。

1965年，馬歇爾獲林登·約翰遜總統提名出任訟務次長。

1967年，因湯姆·克拉克大法官退休，馬歇爾被約翰遜總統提名接替克拉克席位，約翰遜表示「這是一個正確的決定、在正確的時間、將最適合的人安排到最適合的地方。」在參議院以69比11票通過。

1991年，馬歇爾因病辭去大法官之職，而馬歇爾並不希望在共和黨總統老布什執政時辭職，囑咐法官助理「如果仍是共和黨總統執政，即使他死了，也要將他撐起來，繼續投票。」。布什總統後來提名保守派的克拉倫斯·托馬斯繼任馬歇爾席位。

參考
延伸閲讀
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• Bland, Randall W. (1993). Private Pressure on Public Law: The Legal Career of Justice Thurgood Marshall 1934–1991. New York: University Press of America.

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• Hodges, Ruth A., Reference Librarian. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090101010519/http://www.founders.howard.edu/moorland-spingarn/MARSHALL.htm Justice Thurgood Marshall: A Selected Bibliography], (Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Washington, DC, February 1993).

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• Mack, Kenneth W., (2012). [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?recid=31765 Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer] . Harvard University Press. .
• Marshall, Thurgood (1950). "Mr. Justice Murphy and Civil Rights." 48 Michigan Law Review 745.

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• Tushnet, Mark V. (1994). Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936–1961. London: Oxford University Press. ;
• Tushnet, Mark V. (1997). Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961–1991. New York: Oxford University Press. pp., 256.

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• White, G. Edward (2007), The American Judicial Tradition: Profiles of Leading American Judges (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, .
• Williams, Juan, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (New York: New York Times, 1998). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080307144422/http://www.thurgoodmarshall.com/home.htm Promotional site for book] ; .

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外部連結

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* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?36768-1/thurgood-marshall Interview with Hunter Clark and Michael Davis on Thurgood Marshall: Warrior at the Bar, Rebel on the Bench] Booknotes*, January 3, 1993.
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?111331-1/book-discussion-thurgood-marshall Interview with Juan Williams on Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary] , Booknotes*, October 11, 1998.

• Fox, John, [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/robes_marshall.html "Biographies of the Robes: Thurgood Marshall"] , Expanding Civil Rights, Public Broadcasting Service.
• Oyez, [https://www.oyez.org/justices/thurgood_marshall/ "Thurgood Marshall"] , official Supreme Court media.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100611162010/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/MarshallT/MarshallT.asp Oral History Interview with Thurgood Marshall], from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
• [http://vault.fbi.gov/Thurgood%20Marshall FBI file on Thurgood Marshall]
• Long, Michael G., [https://portside.org/2018-07-15/vetting-thurgood-marshall-and-lesson-today "The Vetting of Thurgood Marshall — and a Lesson for Today"] , Chicago Tribune, July 15, 2018, via Portside.
• [http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0002rzmv Image of Thurgood Marshall, Hyman Rickover and Newton Minow at convocation "Prospects for Democracy" at Beverly Hilton, California, 1963.] Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.