亚历山大·舒尔金

亚历山大·“萨沙”·西奥多·舒尔金（；）美国药物化学家、生物化学家、药理学家、精神药理学家、作家，曾於20世紀70年代末向心理學家推薦將MDMA用於治療精神疾病。舒爾金發現、合成、測定了多達230種的精神藥物，並對其在致幻或動情作用方面的潛力進行評估。

1991年，舒尔金与他的妻子安·舒尔金共同出版了《PiHKAL：化学的爱情故事》（PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story）。1997年，又共同出版了《TiHKAL：延续》（TIHKAL: The Continuation）。这两本书广泛描述了他们的研究工作和个人对精神药物的真实体验。舒尔金成功开创了对这类化合物的描述综合推理。他有一些显著的发现，包括了2C族化合物（例如2C-B）以及化合物（例如）。

由于他对和推理性设计致幻药物的开创性研究，他被称为“迷幻药物教父”。

生活与事业
舒爾金出生於加利福尼亞州伯克利郡，其父為俄羅斯移民，其母則出生於伊利诺伊州，二者均在阿拉米達縣的一所公立學校擔任教師。

在16時，舒爾金藉獎學金進入哈佛大學有機化學系學習。1943年，舒爾金輟學並加入美國海軍，此亦為其後來對精神藥學產生興趣的契機。

在海軍服役期間，舒爾金曾因拇指感染接受手術，於術前通過一杯果汁攝入了具有催眠效果的鎮靜劑。這一經歷令舒爾金認識到安慰劑對人類感知所產生的影響。

從海軍退役後，舒爾金返回伯克利並於1954年被加利福尼亞州立大學伯克利分校授予生物化學博士學位。1950年代末，舒爾金在加利福尼亞州立大學舊金山分校完成了精神病學與藥理學領域的博士後研究。舒爾金曾先後為Bio-Rad公司及陶氏化學公司工作，最終以高級研究員身份就職於陶氏化學，這為他確定下一步的研究目標奠定了基礎。“我首次於1950年代末服用麥司卡林，約有350mg~400mg。我意識到這種劑量有些大了。”，並因此獲得DEA所頒發的數個獎項。該化合物由默克藥廠於1912年合成並作為醫藥中間體取得專利藉以壓制競爭對手，但其自身作用未曾被探明。舒爾金為MDMA設計出了一條新的合成路線，並在1976年使加利福尼亞州奧克蘭市的一名心理學家得知此藥物。Leo Zeff將小劑量的MDMA用於談話療法的輔助治療，隨後向數以百計的心理學家及全國的業餘治療師推薦MDMA，其中包括舒爾金後來的配偶Ann Shulgin——她與舒爾金於1979年相遇並在兩年後與他結婚。

在於2010年出現健康問題前，舒爾金主要致力於N-二烯丙基色胺系列（包括5-MeO-DALT與5-MeO-MALT）化合物的研究。

評價
衰弱與逝世
舒爾金晚年多居住在位於加利福尼亚州拉斐特的農莊。2008年4月8日，82歲的舒爾金接受了一次主动脉瓣置換手術。2010年11月16日，舒爾金中風復發。2010年末，一次皮膚移植術使他的左腳免於截肢。不幸的是，在此期間，舒爾金開始表現出阿爾茨海默症的早期症狀且伴隨著嚴重的短期記憶障礙。隨著舒爾金病情惡化，其妻子Ann Shulgin自2010年後開始變賣他們的家產以支付愈加高昂的護理費用。

2014年4月17日，Ann Shulgin在網路社交平台Facebook報告其丈夫已患有晚期肝癌。2014年6月2日，舒爾金在家人及朋友的簇擁下於家中死去，享年88歲。

参考书目
相关书籍
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其他值得注意的出版物

1960–1979. [http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/ Lab notebooks of Dr. Shulgin]
1963. "Psychotomimetic agents related to mescaline". Experientia 19: 127. 19
1963. "Composition of the myristicin fraction from oil of nutmeg". Nature 197: 379. 20
1963. "Concerning the pharmacology of nutmeg". Mind 1: 299-302. 23
1964. "3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy amphetamine, a new psychotomimetic agent". Nature 201: 1120-1121. 29
1964. "Psychotomimetic amphetamines: methoxy 3,4-dialkoxyamphetamines". Experientia 20: 366. 30
1964. with H. O. Kerlinger. "Isolation of methoxyeugenol and trans-isoelemicin from oil of nutmeg". Naturwissenschaften 15: 360-361. 31
1965. "Synthesis of the trimethoxyphenylpropenes". Can. J. Chem. 43: 3437-3440. 43
1966. "Possible implication of myristicin as a psychotropic substance". Nature 210: 380-384. 45
1966. "The six trimethoxyphenylisopropylamines (trimethoxyamphetamines)". J. Med. Chem. 9: 445-446. 46
1966. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "Role of 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine in schizophrenia". Nature 212: 1606-1607. 48
1967. with T. Sargent, and C. Naranjo. "The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines". In D. H. Efron [ed.]: Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs. U. S. Dept. of H. E. W., Public Health Service Publication No. 1645. Pp. 202–214. Discussion: ibid. pp. 223–229. 49
1967. with T. Sargent. "Psychotropic phenylisopropylamines derived from apiole and dillapiole". Nature 215: 1494-1495. 50
1967. with Sargent, T. W., D. M. Israelstam, S. A. Landaw, and N. N. Finley. "A note concerning the fate of the 4-methoxyl group in 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 29: 126-130. 52
1967. with Naranjo, C. and T. Sargent. "Evaluation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as an adjunct to psychotherapy". Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 17: 359-364. 53
1968. "The ethyl homologs of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylisopropylamine". J. Med. Chem. 11: 186-187. 54
1969. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Structure activity relationships of one-ring psychotomimetics". Nature 221: 537-541. 57
1969. "Recent developments in cannabis chemistry". J. Psyched. Drugs 2: 15-29. 58
1969. "Psychotomimetic agents related to the catecholamines". J. Psyched. Drugs 2(2): 12-26. 59
1970. "Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of the psychotomimetics". In D. H. Efron [ed.]. "Psychotomimetic Drugs". Raven Press, New York. Pp. 21–41. 60
1970. "The mode of action of psychotomimetic drugs; some qualitative properties of the psychotomimetics". Neur. Res. Prog. Bull. 8: 72-78. 61
1970. "4-alkyl-dialkoxy-alpha-methyl-phenethylamines and their pharmacologically-acceptable salts". U. S. Patent 3,547,999, issued Dec. 15, 1970. 63
1971. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine, a new centrally active amphetamine analog". Pharmacology 5: 103-107. 64
1971. "Chemistry and sources". In S. S. Epstein [ed]. "Drugs of abuse: their genetic and other chronic nonpsychiatric hazards". The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Pp 3–26. 65
1971. "Preliminary studies of the synthesis of nitrogen analogs of Delta1-THC". Acta Pharm. Suec. 8: 680-681. 66
1972. "Hallucinogens, CNS stimulants, and cannabis. In S. J. Mulé and H. Brill [eds.]: Chemical and biological aspects of drug dependence". CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio. Pp. 163–175. 67
1973. "Stereospecific requirements for hallucinogenesis". J. Pharm. Pharmac. 25: 271-272. 68
1973. "Mescaline: the chemistry and pharmacology of its analogs". Lloydia 36: 46-58. 69
1973. "The narcotic pepper - the chemistry and pharmacology of Piper methysticum and related species". Bull. Narc. 25: 59-1974. "Le poivre stupéfiant - chemie et pharmacologie du Piper methysticum et des espéces apparentées". Bull. Stupéfiants 25: 61-77. 70
1973. with T. Sargent and C. Naranjo. "Animal pharmacology and human psychopharmacology of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MMDA)". Pharmacology 10: 12-18. 71
1974. with Kalbhen, D. A., T. Sargent, G. Braun, H. Stauffer, N. Kusubov, and M. L. Nohr. "Human pharmacodynamics of the psychodysleptic 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine labelled with [82]Br". IRCS (Int. Res. Comm. Sys.) 2: 1091. 73
1975. with Sargent, T., D. A. Kalbhen, H. Stauffer, and N. Kusubov. "A potential new brain-scanning agent: 4-[77]Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (4-Br-DPIA)". J. Nucl. Med. 16: 243-245. 74
1975. with M. F. Carter. "Centrally active phenethylamines". Psychopharm. Commun. 1: 93-98. 75
1975. with Sargent, T., D. A. Kalbhen, G. Braun, H. Stauffer, and N. Kusubov. "In vivo human pharmacodynamics of the psychodysleptic 4-Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine labelled with [82]Br or [77]Br". Neuropharmacology 14: 165-174. 76
1975. "The chemical catalysis of altered states of consciousness. Altered states of consciousness, current views and research problems". The drug abuse council, Washington, D. C. Pp. 123–134. 77
1975. "Drug use and anti-drug legislation". The PharmChem Newsletter 4 (#8). 79
1975. with D. C. Dyer. "Psychotomimetic phenylisopropylamines. 5. 4-alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines". J. Med. Chem. 18: 1201-1204. 80
1975. with C. Helisten. "Differentiation of PCP, TCP, and a contaminating precursor PCC, by thin layer chromatography". Microgram 8: 171-172. 81
1975. with Helisten, C. "The detection of 1-piperidinodydlohexanecarbonitrile contamination in illicit preparations of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine and 1-(1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine". J. Chrom. 117: 232-235. 82
1976. "Psychotomimetic agents". In M. Gordon [ed.] "Psychopharmacological agents", Vol. 4. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 59–146. 83
1976. "Abuse of the term 'amphetamines'". Clin. Tox. 9: 351-352. 84
1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 1. DMT". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 167-168. 85
1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 2. TMA-2". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 169. 86
1976. with D. E. MacLean. "Illicit synthesis of phencyclidine (PCP) and several of its analogs". Clin. Tox. 9: 553-560. 87
1976. with Nichols, D. E. "Sulfur analogs of psychotomimetic amines". J. Pharm. Sci. 65: 1554-1556. 89
1976. with Sargent, T. and N. Kusubov. "Quantitative measurement of demethylation of [14]C-methoxyl labeled DMPEA and TMA-2 in rats". Psychopharm. Commun. 2: 199-206. 90
1976. with Standridge, R. T., H. G. Howell, J. A. Gylys, R. A. Partyka. "Phenylalkylamines with potential psychotherapeutic utility. 1. 2-amino-1-(2,5,-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)butane". J. Med. Chem. 19: 1400-1404. 91
1976. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 3. MMDA". J. Psychedelic Drugs 8: 331. 92
1977. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 4. Harmaline". J. Psychedelic Drugs 9: 79-80. 93
1977. "Profiles of psychedelic drugs. 5. STP". J. Psychedelic Drugs 9: 171-172. 94
1977. with Nichols, D. E., and D. C. Dyer. "Directional lipophilic character in a series of psychotomimetic phenethylamine derivatives". Life Sciences 21: 569-576. 95
1977. with Jacob, P. III, G. Anderson III, C. K. Meshul, and N. Castagnoli Jr. "Mononethylthio analogues of 1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)2-aminopropane". J. Med. Chem. 20: 1235-1239. 96

参考文献
外部链接
*[http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/shulgin_alexander/shulgin_alexander.shtml Erowid's Alexander Shulgin Vault]
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*[http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/blg/index.html Ask Dr. Shulgin] (an inactive Q&A blog)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140927223441/http://www.vice.com/hamiltons-pharmacopeia/sihkal-shulgins-i-have-known-and-loved Sihkal: Shulgins I Have Known And Loved] "The Last Interview With Alexander Shulgin" on vice.com

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