海達語是海達族的語言。該語言有8個元音和超過30個輔音。語言學家愛德華·薩丕爾曾在1915年把海達語歸為納-德內語系,該提議隨即受到諸多語言學家(如Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson,詳見參考文獻列表)的支持;然而,今天大多數語言學家將海達語看作是一个孤立语言。 2008年語言學界提議美洲的納-德內語系和北亚(中西伯利亞)的叶尼塞语系同源並構成德內-葉尼塞語門,却没有任何跡象表明海達語屬於該語門。
大约100年前,全體海達族都使用海達語,但今天海達語却是極度瀕危語言,只有20個人在使用, 而今其使用者幾乎全是长者。
書寫系統
海達語語有兩套基於拉丁字母的書寫系統:在加拿大常用的,约翰·恩里科()提出的恩里科系統,用來書寫南海達語;在美國常用的,(Alaska Native Language Center)提出的ANLC系統,用來書寫北海達語。
- ANLC系統區分兩個同位異音(英語的)和(漢語拼音的)。
- 恩里科系統是一種跨方言文字(儘管只跨了兩個加拿大方言),它在不同方言中給了不同的語音影射,使得在兩种方言中發音相同的詞有著不同的寫法,而寫法相同的詞有著不同的發音。
此外還有一個不常用的系統,由John R. Swanton給出。它更像是基於语音的,而不像是基於音位的。
註釋
參考文獻
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延伸閱讀
Andersen, Doris. 1974. "Slave of the Haida." Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada.
Bengtson, John D. (2008), "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, vol. 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 45–118
Dauenhauer, Nora Marks. 2008. "The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America." University of Washington Press.
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Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch. Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, ed. by Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael. 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa.
Enrico, John. 1983a. "The Haida Language." The Outer Shores, edited by Scudder, G. E. and Gessler, Nicholas. Queen Charlotte City, B.C.: Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. pp. 223–248.
Enrico, John. 1983b. "Tense in the Haida Relative Clause." International Journal of American Linguistics 52:91–123.
Enrico, John. 1986. "Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida." International Journal of American Linguistics 49:136–166.
Enrico, John. 1991. The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida. (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers, 8.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
Enrico, John. 1998. "Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida." Gengo Kenkyu 12:115–120.
Enrico, John. 2003. Haida Syntax. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330.
Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
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Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(2).157–70.
Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages." Anthropological linguistics 38:179–215.
Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1976. Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung. (Indiana : Beihefte; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2
Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
Rosman, Abraham. 1971. "Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies" Columbia University Press.
Ruhlen M. 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95, no. 23: 13994-6.
Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report. American Anthropologist 17.534–558.
Stearns, Mary Lee. 1981. "Haida Culture in Custody." University of Washington Press.
Swanton, John R. 1905. [http://archive.org/details/haidatextsandmy04swangoog Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect]. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Swanton, John R. 1908. [http://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hdn_vertxt-1 Haida Texts. Masset Dialect]. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.
相關影視
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外部連結
*[http://www.haidalanguage.org/ Haida language]
*[http://www.haidalanguage.org/sounds-of-haida.html Listen to the sounds of Haida]
*[http://www.firstvoices.com/en/Hlgaagilda-Xaayda-Kil Skidegate Haida Portal, First Voices]
*[http://www.haidalanguage.org/raven.html Raven, a story in the Haida language]
*[http://www.languagegeek.com/isolate/xaadas.html Haida writing systems]
*[http://www.ydli.org/biblios/haidbib.htm Haida linguistics bibliography]
*[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Haida/index.html The Book of Common Prayer in Haida]
*[http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-haida/en/hai/ How to count in Haida]
*[http://www.firstvoices.com/en/apps FirstVoices Haida iPhone App]
*[http://www.firstvoices.com/en/Hlgaagilda-Xaayda-Kil FirstVoices Haida Online Dictionary]
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