诺亚·韦伯斯特(,),美国辞典编纂者、课本编写作者、拼写改革倡导者,政论家和编辑,被誉为“美国学术和教育之父”。他的蓝皮拼字书教导了数代美国人学习拼写,在美国,其名字等同于“字典”,尤其是首版于1828年的现代《韦氏词典》。
生平
韦伯斯特于1758年出生于定居在康乃狄克州西哈特福市的一个北方人家庭。他有两个兄弟查尔斯和亚伯拉罕,和两个姐妹梅西和耶路撒。他的父亲是一个农场主和纺织工,是康乃狄克州州长约翰・韦伯斯特的后人;母亲则是普列茅茨领地长官威廉・布雷德福的后代。16岁时他进入康乃狄克州唯一一所大学耶鲁大学学习。时逢美国独立战争,由於食品短缺,许多课程转到康乃狄克州的格拉斯顿伯里,独立战争期间,他加入了康乃狄克州地方军。1778年毕业之后,由於负担不起学习法律的费用,他到格拉斯顿伯里,哈特福市和西哈特福的中小学教书。1781年他获得了法律学位,但毕生都未从事法律相关的工作,而是在中小学教学,并试图建立一些小规模学校,可是都不是很成功。
政治观点
直到1781年,韦伯斯特都主张新民族的扩张,认为美国民族主义高于欧洲,因为美国价值观更优越。
“美国洞见了这些荒谬——她看到欧洲国家不同教派之间争论不休,商业,人口等各方面发展受到阻碍和制约,因为人们的意识就像身体一样过度膨胀,‘被政策和迷信双重束缚’:她嘲笑他们的愚蠢并规避他们的错误,将自己的帝国建立在普遍宽容上:她哺育各种宗教——她保护个人的神圣权力(这让欧洲人怎样的大惊失色啊!);她使见解不同的人生活在至高的和谐中......她终将升到伟大和荣耀的顶峰,相比之下,古希腊罗马以及现代帝国都将黯然失色。”
他以拼写书和字典为美国民族主义知识界的奠基做贡献。在十八世纪八十年代,韦伯斯特是一个直言无讳的联邦制拥护者。在政治理论上,他降低了美德的重要性(共和主义的核心价值观),强调广泛传播的物权(自由主义的关键元素)。
韦伯斯特婚姻美满,并成为哈特福市的精英,但并不富有。1793年亚历山大·汉密尔顿以1500美元的薪金聘请他到纽约编辑一份联邦制拥护者的报纸。12月他创立了纽约第一份日报《American Minerva》(后来的《商业广告报》)。他做了四年编辑,写了相当于20期的文章和社论。他还出版了半周刊《The Herald, A Gazette for the country》(后来的《纽约观察家》)。作为党羽,他很快就被拥护杰斐逊的共和党人公开抨击为“懦弱的,自以为是的爱国者”,“无可救药的疯子”,“虚伪的饶舌者……假装博学者和庸医”,即使是联邦制拥护者科伯特也把他描述为“拥护联邦制的卖国者”,“伟大的傻瓜和无耻的骗子”。这个文字大师非常苦恼,就算是“民主”,“人民”,“平等”这样的字眼都会在公众辩论中使他困扰,因为这些词都是形而上的抽象,要么没有意义,要么有意义但没有凡人能理解。
韦伯斯特崇尚法国的极端思想,不像大多数联邦制拥护者,他支持处决路易十六。他强调中立的对外政策,但当法国大使埃德蒙·吉尼特在美国建立了一个前雅各宾的“民主共和团”干预美国政治和攻击华盛顿时,韦伯斯特谴责他们,并让他拥护联邦制的编辑同僚们“既不赞成也不反对这些团体,他们是异国的植物:和平之光会毁灭他们”。
几十年来他都是新美国多产作家,出版课本,为联邦政党写政论,在报纸上发表了大量的文章(现代他的作品书目多达655页)。
1789年韦伯斯特搬回纽黑文。
拼写书和字典
作为教师,他不喜欢美国的初等学校。它们常常过於拥挤,70个各种年龄的孩子挤在只有一间房的校舍里。只有很少未经训练的教师,没有课桌,从英国来的课本也让不能让人满意。韦伯斯特认为美国人应该学习美国课本。於是他着手写一部三册的概略《英语语法》,由一册拼写(1783年出版),一册语法(1784年出版),一册阅读(1785年出版)组成。他的目标是以美国的方式训练儿童。他认为自己最大的贡献是在英语语法和发音“炫学的叫嚷”中“拯救了“我们的民族语言”。他抱怨英国上流社会败坏了英语,他们建立了自己拼写和发音的标准。韦伯斯特认为对希腊语和拉丁语的学习不应超过对英语语法的学习。他认为美语的标准“和美国文明和教会机构的共和标准是一样的”,这意味着大部分民众将控制语言;政府中流行的主权必须伴随着语言的流行使用。“事实是大众的习语是语言的规则,所有偏离这一标准的都必是错误的。”
拼字书的优点在于它易于教授,它的难度随年龄的增长而增加。
宗教观点
基因
根据其家族基因检测结果,韦伯斯特的Y染色体单倍群为J1-BY161126。
注释
參考文獻
- "Noah Webster" in The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21). vol 18 section 25:33 [http://www.bartleby.com/228/0233.html online edition]
- Bynack, Vincent P. "Noah Webster and the Idea of a National Culture: the Pathologies of Epistemology." Journal of the History of Ideas 1984 45(1): 99–114. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2709333 in Jstor]
- Ellis, Joseph J. After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture 1979. chapter 6, interpretive essay [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101499638 online edition]
- Gallardo, Andres. "The Standardization of American English." PhD dissertation State U. of New York, Buffalo 1980. 367 pp. DAI 1981 41(8): 3557-A. 8104193, focused on Webster's dictionary
- Hayakawa, Isamu. A Comprehensive Catalog of Webster's Dictionaries from 1808 to 2000 (2014) Amazon (Tokyo: Texnai).
- Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father: Noah Webster's Obsession and the Creation of an American Culture (2011)
- Leavitt, Robert Keith. Noah's Ark New England Yankees and the Endless Quest: a Short History of the Original Webster Dictionaries, With Particular Reference to Their First Hundred Years (1947). 106 pp
- Lepore, Jill. "Noah's Mark: Webster and the original dictionary wars." The New Yorker, (November 6, 2006). 78–87. [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/06/061106fa_fact_lepore online edition]
- Malone, Kemp. "Webster, Noah," Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 10 (1936)
- Micklethwait, David. Noah Webster and the American Dictionary (2005)
- Morgan, John S. Noah Webster (1975), popular biography
- Moss, Richard J. Noah Webster. (1984). 131 pp. Wester as author
- Nelson, C. Louise. "Neglect of Economic Education in Webster's 'Blue-Backed Speller'" American Economist, Vol. 39, 1995 [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000309723 online edition]
- Pelanda, Brian. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1941506 Declarations of Cultural Independence: The Nationalistic Imperative Behind the Passage of Early American Copyright Laws, 1783–1787] Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A., Vol. 58, p. 431, 2011.
- Proudfit, Isabel. Noah Webster Father of the Dictionary (1966).
- Rollins, Richard. The Long Journey of Noah Webster (1980) ()
- Rollins, Richard M. "Words as Social Control: Noah Webster and the Creation of the American Dictionary". American Quarterly 1976 28(4): 415–430. .
- (from the series American Men of Letters. New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company)
- Snyder, K. Alan. Defining Noah Webster: Mind and Morals in the Early Republic. (1990). 421 pp.
- Southard, Bruce. "Noah Webster: America's Forgotten Linguist." American Speech 1979 54(1): 12–22. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/454522 in Jstor]
- Unger, Harlow Giles. Noah Webster: The Life and Times of an American Patriot (1998), scholarly biography
- Warfel, Harry R. Noah Webster: Schoolmaster to America (1936), a standard biography
主要資料
- Harry R. Warfel, ed., Letters of Noah Webster (1953),
- Homer D. Babbidge Jr., ed., Noah Webster: On Being American (1967), selections from his writings
- Webster, Noah. The American Spelling Book: Containing the Rudiments of the English Language for the Use of Schools in the United States by Noah Webster [https://books.google.com/books?id=GwhCAAAAYAAJ&dq=intitle:spelling+intitle:book+inauthor:noah+inauthor:webster&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=1&ei=Rxz7S5LbIpPakAS4wqzDCQ 1836 edition online], the famous Blue- Backed Speller
- Webster, Noah. An American dictionary of the English language [https://books.google.com/books?id=xGIPAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor:noah+inauthor:webster&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&source=gbs_navlinks_s 1848 edition online]
- Webster, Noah. A grammatical institute of the English language [https://archive.org/details/agrammaticalins00websgoog 1800 edition online]
- Webster, Noah. Miscellaneous papers on political and commercial subjects [https://books.google.com/books?id=pzAoAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor:noah+inauthor:webster&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&ei=whr7S-exE4GmlASq5PTtDQ 1802 edition online] mostly about banks
- Webster, Noah. A collection of essays and fugitiv writings: on moral, historical, political and literary subjects [https://archive.org/details/acollectionessa00websgoog 1790 edition online] 414 pages
参见
*梅里厄姆-韦伯斯特
外部連結
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- [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218215228/http://noahwebsterhouse.org/biography.html The Noah Webster House & West Hartford Historical Society]
- [http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/mss.html Noah Webster Collection, Special Collections, Jones Library, Amherst MA]
- [http://www.m-w.com/info/noah.htm Noah Webster] on the Merriam-Webster website
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120430022952/http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ct1763_1818/webster.htm Connecticut Heritage website]
- [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/WAT_WIL/WEBSTER_NOAH_1758_1843_.html NOAH WEBSTER (1758-1843)] Biographical entry in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
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- [http://1828.mshaffer.com/ Searchable Webster's 1828 dictionary] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070510215627/http://1913.mshaffer.com/ Searchable Webster's 1913 dictionary]—both in the public domain.
- [http://www.verselink.org/ Searchable Webster's 1828 wildcard dictionary]
- [http://bible.christiansunite.com/webindex.shtml Webster Bible text]
- [http://www.bible-researcher.com/webster.html Preface to the Webster Bible]
- [http://www.believersresource.com/content.aspx?id=8 Downloadable PDF of the Webster Bible]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20061218052544/http://edweb.sdsu.edu/people/DKitchen/new_655/webster_language.htm A proposal for spelling reform from his younger and more radical days]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20170914034558/http://www.biblesway.com/versions/webster_bible/ Online Webster Bible Searchable by verse and keywords]
- [http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?type=simple;c=nietz;cc=nietz;sid=fe45facade6b58737889d5eb52bcdb1b;rgn=full%20text;q1=american%20spelling%20book;view=toc;subview=short;sort=occur;start=1;size=25;idno=00acf7166m The American Spelling Book]
- [http://thehistorytavern.blogspot.com/2009/05/noah-webster-on-maintaining-free.html Commentary of a Speech by Noah Webster on July 4, 1802]
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