.yu(源自南斯拉夫一词英語的缩写“Yu”)为南斯拉夫在互联网域名系统中拥有的国家和地区顶级域(ccTLD)。随着南斯拉夫的残余联盟国家塞尔维亚和黑山于2006年解体,.yu也进入废除倒计时,并于2008年3月10日起不再接受新注册申请,最终于2010年3月30日停止使用,由.rs和.me取代。
历史
自1980年起,南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国(南斯拉夫)开始建立电信网络联系。(EARN)借此启动。在1988年,贝尔格莱德大学自然科学和数学学院建议南斯拉夫的大学加入EARN。隔年,首个贝尔格莱德和林茨之间的国际学术网络开通,贝尔格莱德大学随即成为EARN的中心节点。
2006年5月,黑山公投结束,结果为独立。6月塞黑正式解体。ISO 3166-1随后依照公投结果修订,国家代码CS被移除,ME和RS被添加,分别代表黑山和塞尔维亚共和国。修订使得ICANN可以正式开始域名过渡进程。12月,黑山政府提交.me域委派申请书,随后塞尔维亚国家互联网域名注册局(RNIDS)也提交了.rs域的委派申请书。
本着历史教训,且与国际标准高度一致的原则,新的两个顶级域的委派需要以.yu删除作为前提。在ICANN董事会会议上,大家除讨论了申请书之外,还讨论了合适的.yu删除时间线,讨论结果决定时间线尽量缩短。最终在2007年9月11日,ICANN发布决议,要求.yu域必须在两年内结束使命:
Whereas, the .YU top-level domain is currently used by the citizens of both Serbia and Montenegro,
Whereas, ICANN has delegated the .RS domain for use in Serbia, and the .ME domain for use in Montenegro,
Whereas, the ISO 3166-1 standard has removed the “YU” code, and the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency recommends its use be discontinued,
Whereas, ICANN is not responsible for deciding what is or is not a country, and adheres to the ISO 3166-1 standard for guidance on when to add, modify and remove country-code top-level domains,
Whereas, there is a transition plan to move registrations in .YU to the new domains .RS and .ME, with the operator of .RS acting as the temporary caretaker of .YU until the transition is complete,
Resolved (07.77), that the .YU domain be redelegated to the Serbian National Registry of Internet Domain Names in a temporary caretaker capacity.
Resolved (07.78), that the Serbian National Registry of Internet Domain Names be instructed to report their progress on decommissioning the .YU domain every six months to ICANN against a relevant set of metrics.
Resolved (07.79), that the Serbian National Registry of Internet Domain Names, and the Government of Montenegro, work to complete the transition from the .YU domain to the .RS and .ME domains, so that it may be removed from the DNS root zone no later than 30 September 2009.
根据该方案和之后的商讨,所有.yu域名对应的.rs域名均被保留,可在域名日出期期间注册。
到了2008年9月,未被认领的.rs保留域名全部失效,并向所有人开放注册。.yu注册局则被安排处理剩下不活跃或未被使用的域名。2009年3月,所有.yu域名均被删除,但3月至5月间,仍有1,236个域名持有人表达了.rs保留域名恢复的意愿。6月,仍有4,266个域名处于活跃状态,RNIDS董事会成员斯洛博丹·马尔科维奇据此通过电子邮件向致信,要求延长.yu域删除时间线。而申请的理由似乎并不明确,除了少数仍在持续使用的却没有迁移到.rs的.yu域名,包括:
- 邮件列表的订阅者。列表管理员无法轻易完成转移的操作。
- 被用作密码找回等紧急用途的关联域名邮箱。
- 电脑软件或手机应用中包含相关域名。
- 仍被搜索引擎收录的页面。
- 用于其他顶级域联系人的邮箱。
ICANN工作人员调查了相关情况并向董事会报告,在9月30日的会议上,董事会通过了决议:
Whereas, the .YU top‐level domain is being decommissioned after being superseded by the .RS and .ME domains for Serbia and Montenegro respectively,
Whereas, the Board resolved during its 11 September 2007 meeting that the .YU domain be decommissioned by 30 September 2009,
Whereas, the .YU domain's caretaker RNIDS has sought an extension of the deadline in order to better finalise the transition away from the .YU domain,
Resolved (2009.09.30.15), that the deadline for .YU domain decommissioning be extended to 30 March 2010,
Furthermore, whereas RNIDS has asked ICANN for better guidance for the future on how the process of retiring country-code top-level domains should be conducted, in the form of clear and transparent rules,
Whereas, the Board is aware that the ccNSO Council has established a working group to advise on whether to launch a policy development process to review the current policy on delegation, redelegation and retirement of country-code top-level domains,
Resolved (2009.09.30.16), that the ccNSO is asked to consider the RNIDS request on better supporting the process of retiring country-code top-level domains, and report back to the Board its findings.
决议发布后,ICANN工作人员联系RNIDS,双方共同确认2010年3月30日是最终删除时间。
在3月30日,RNIDS通告成功完成顶级域过渡:
In according with ICANN decision, [the] .yu domain is supposed to be deleted, turned off or disappear on 30th of March. As the last information that we got from IANA was that this moment will be as close as possible to 30th of March 2010. and that it depend on US government and Verisign, RNIDS, Serbian national register decided to fix this moment on 12am, 30th of March, considering this way as better solution for Internet community.
It means that today [at] 12AM (GMT+1:00) ... we shall delete .yu domain from DNS servers of YU ccTLD root zone.
最终,.yu域于2010年4月1日从根域名服务器中删除,操作编号为2010040100。
注册限制
从.yu注册局的历史不难看出,南联盟政府机构对YUNIC的努力并没有兴趣,以至于1995年注册局连基本的财务开支都无法保障,所有重大事件的开销都需要贝尔格莱德大学的两个学院自行负担。这样的结果导致.yu域名的注册人被限制为法律主体(如公司、贸易、民间团体、政党、互联网服务供应商等,塞尔维亚正教会作为特例也可以使用二级域)。而且,每个实体仅限注册一个域名,YUNIC为了补偿注册人,还要在一定程度上免除域名的注册费用。注册局每天收到200封以上申请文件,而等待域名生效的平均时间则拖到20天。
指定三级域则向不同类型的实体开放:
- 学术机构(例如大学):.ac.yu
- 教育机构(例如初、高中):.edu.yu
- 独立组织: .org.yu
- 集团或公司:.co.yu
- 政府相关:.gov.yu
黑山的网站多注册.cg.yu下属的三级域名,因为该二级域由黑山的一家互联网服务供应商持有,对其客户免费开放。因此,这个二级域十分受不愿意单独注册域名的人们欢迎。
相关条目
- .ba
- .hr
- .me
- .mk
- .rs
- .si
参考资料
外部链接
- [https://www.rnids.rs 塞尔维亚国家互联网域名注册局官方网站]
Toppdomän#Y
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