德裔宾夕法尼亚人

德裔宾夕法尼亚人（，賓夕法尼亞德語：）是指17世纪与18世纪从德国西南部和瑞士前往美国宾夕法尼亚州的移民以及他们的后代。历史上，他们说的是一种名为宾夕法尼亚德语的德语方言。

最早一批从德国前往美国的移民于1683年10月6日在费城县的西北部建立了名为日耳曼敦的城镇。18世纪早期，来自普法尔茨的德国人开始大批向外移民。

德裔宾州人保持了多种宗教信仰，其中大多信奉新教信义宗或改革宗，也有一些信奉重浸宗。重浸宗崇尚简单的生活方式，信徒被称为“朴素的人”（Plain people）或“朴素德国人”（Plain Dutch）。与此相对，不信重浸宗的德裔宾州人则被称为“精致德国人”（Fancy Dutch），他们更容易融入美国主流文化。

久而久之，原先这些移民所说的各种方言融合成了一种独特的德语方言，即宾夕法尼亚德语。曾经有三分之一的宾州人说这种语言，同时还对当地的英语方言产生了影响。

第二次世界大战后，由于英语的广泛使用，除一些传统的重浸宗信徒（包括老派门诺会和老派阿曼派）外，宾夕法尼亚德语逐渐被废弃。不过一些德国文化传统仍延续至今，德裔仍旧是宾夕法尼亚州最大的族群。

註釋
参见

• 阿曼派
• 门诺会
• 宾夕法尼亚德语
• 德裔美国人

參考文獻

• Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds. Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (: Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp.
• Grubb, Farley. "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820", Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 20, No. 3 (Winter, 1990), pp. 417–436 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/204085 in JSTOR]
• Louden, Mark L. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.
• McMurry, Sally, and Nancy Van Dolsen, eds. Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720–1920 (University of Pennsylvania Press; 2011) 250 studies their houses, churches, barns, outbuildings, commercial buildings, and landscapes
• Nolt, Steven, Foreigners in Their Own Land: Pennsylvania Germans in the Early American Republic, Penn State U. Press, 2002
• Roeber, A. G. Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (1998)
• Roeber, A. G. "In German Ways? Problems and Potentials of Eighteenth-Century German Social and Emigration History", William & Mary Quarterly, Oct 1987, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp 750–774 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1939743 in JSTOR]

外部連結

• [http://www.pgs.org The Pennsylvania German Society]
• [http://www.hiwwe-wie-driwwe.de Hiwwe wie Driwwe - the Pennsylvania German Newspaper]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150117063334/http://www.padutchcountry.com/index.asp Lancaster County tourism website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20000817182024/http://www.horseshoe.cc/pennadutch/culture/ Overview of Pennsylvania German Culture]
• [http://www.gahfusa.org/ German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA in Washington, DC]
• [http://www.schwenkfelder.com The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100813211321/http://midatlantic.rootsweb.ancestry.com/familyhart/ FamilyHart Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy Family Pages and Database]
• [http://firestone1753.weebly.com/ Alsatian Roots of Pennsylvania Dutch Firestones]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100619023529/http://midatlantic.rootsweb.ancestry.com/padutch/ Pennsylvania Dutch Family History, Genealogy, Culture, and Life]
• [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/field/subjec/searchterm/Pennsylvania%20Dutch/mode/exact Several digitized books on Pennsylvania Dutch arts and crafts, design, and prints] from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries

; In Pennsylvania German

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080826115013/http://deitscherei.org/ Deitscherei.org—Fer der Deitsch Wandel]
• [http://www.hiwwe-wie-driwwe.de Hiwwe wie Driwwe—The Pennsylvania German Newspaper]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061028170740/http://amisch.de/penn/index.php Pennsylvania German Encyclopedia]