馬科斯·加維

馬科斯·加維（；） 是20世纪初牙買加的政治家、出版商、記者、企业家和演說家，為的创始人。他是黑人民族主義者和泛非主義者，被認定為黑人民族主義先驱。他的政治思想被称为加维主义。

生平
他出生于牙买加，重自学。十四岁开始当排字工人，后任杂志编辑。曾游历中美洲、欧洲等地。1914年在牙买加创建了，该协会分支机构最多时达到30多个，分布在美国和加勒比国家。还创办了黑人报纸、各种类型的商店、黑星轮船公司。他鼓吹黑人重返非洲，激发黑人种族自豪感。凭借杰出的演讲能力，赢得了中下层黑人的拥护。1916年至美国，定居纽约，成立普世黑人协进会的第一个分会，广招黑人入会， 自任总干事。出版机关报《黑人世界》，倡导“黑人复国主义”。1920年召开第一次国际性普世黑人协进会大会。1921年宣布建立“非洲共和国”自任临时总统，并宣称自己是世界黑人的领袖。1924年召开第二次大会，提出“返回非洲”的纲领。1935年协进会总部迁至伦敦。其思想对1960年代黑人人权运动具有影响。

參考文献
参考书目
*The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey. Edited by Amy Jacques Garvey. 412 pages. Majority Press; Centennial edition, 1 November 1986. ISBN 0-912469-24-2. Avery edition. ISBN 0-405-01873-8.
*Message to the People: The Course of African Philosophy by Marcus Garvey. Edited by Tony Martin. Foreword by Hon. Charles L. James, president- general, Universal Negro Improvement Association. 212 pages. Majority Press, 1 March 1986. ISBN 0-912469-19-6.
*The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey. Compiled and edited by Tony Martin. 123 pages. Majority Press, 1 June 1983. ISBN 0-912469-02-1.
Hill, Robert A., editor. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers.* Vols. I-VII, IX. University of California Press, ca. 1983- (ongoing). 1146 pages. University of California Press, 1 May 1991. ISBN 0-520-07208-1.
Hill, Robert A., editor. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: Africa for the Africans 1921-1922.* 740 pages. University of California Press, 1 February 1996. ISBN 0-520-20211-2.
Burkett, Randall K. Garveyism as a Religious Movement: The Institutionalization of a Black Civil Religion.* Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press and American Theological Library Association, 1978.
Campbell, Horace. Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney.* Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1987.
Clarke, John Henrik, editor. Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa.* With assistance from Amy Jacques Garvey. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
Cronon, Edmund David. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association.* Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955, reprinted 1969 and 2007.
Garvey, Amy Jacques, Garvey and Garveyism.* London: Collier-MacMillan, 1963, 1968.
Grant, Colin. Negro with a Hat, The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey and his Dream of Mother Africa.*, London: Jonathan Cape, 2008.
Hill, Robert A., editor. Marcus Garvey, Life and Lessons: A Centennial Companion to the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers.* Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
Hill, Robert A. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers*. Vols. I–VII, IX. University of California Press, ca. 1983– (ongoing).
James, Winston. Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century America.* London: Verso, 1998.
Kornweibel Jr., Theodore. Seeing Red: Federal Campaigns Against Black Militancy 1919-1925.* Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998.
Lemelle, Sidney, and Robin D. G. Kelley. Imagining Home: Class, Culture, and Nationalism in the African Diaspora.* London: Verso, 1994.
Lewis, Rupert. Marcus Garvey: Anti-Colonial Champion*. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1988.
Lewis, Rupert, and Bryan, Patrick, eds. Garvey: His Work and Impact.* Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1988.
Lewis, Rupert, and Maureen Warner-Lewis. Garvey: Africa, Europe, The Americas*. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1986, 1994.
Manoedi, M. Korete. Garvey and Africa.* New York: New York Age Press, 1922.
Martin, Tony. Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association.* Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.
Martin, Tony. Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts, and the Harlem Renaissance.* Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
Martin, Tony. African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance.* Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983, 1991.
Martin, Tony. Marcus Garvey: Hero.* Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
Martin, Tony. The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond.* Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
Martin, Tony. The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey.* Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
Smith-Irvin, Jeannette. Marcus Garvey's Footsoldiers of the Universal Negro Improvement Association.* Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1989.
Solomon, Mark. The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African-Americans, 1917–1936.* Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
Stein, Judith. The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.
Tolbert, Emory J. The UNIA and Black Los Angeles.* Los Angeles: Center of Afro-American Studies, University of California, 1980.
Vincent, Theodore. Black Power and the Garvey Movement*. Berkeley, Calif.: Ramparts Press, 1971.
*[http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol2no3/MarcusGarveyAControversialFigureInTheHistoryOfPanAfricanism.pdf Marcus Garvey: A Controversial Figure in the History of Pan-Africanism by Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini for the Journal of Pan African Studies]

外部連結
*[http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/2005/1708.html Garvey's Legacy in Context: Colourism, Black Movements and African Nationalism]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/index.html "Marcus Garvey: Look for Me in the Whirlwind." PBS documentary film]
*[http://www.marcusgarvey.com/ Marcus Garvey website]
*[http://www.unia-acl.org/ UNIA website] .
*[http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/garvey.html Marcus Garvey economic principles]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080502062621/http://www.black-king.net/library%20marcus%20garvey.htm Marcus Garvey speaks - text and audio]
*[http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/ras_nasibu.htm Poem - Ras Nasibu of the Ogaden]