约瑟夫·张伯伦(Joseph Chamberlain,),英国政治家。与当时其他政治家不同,张伯伦是一个没有接受过大学教育、白手兴家的商人。
早年
1836年7月8日,約瑟夫·张伯伦生于伦敦,他父親(也叫約瑟夫)是一名成功的鞋匠。張伯倫在學生時代法語和數學成績優異,但由於家庭的原因,16歲時張伯倫主動輟學去自家的工廠上班。
工人企業家
18歲時,張伯倫到伯明翰加入其叔父的螺釘生意,此後事業越做越大,成為著名的螺釘生產商,其產品佔據英格蘭三分之二的市場,並出口至美國、歐洲、印度、日本、加拿大和澳大利亞。
生活中的張伯倫關心時事,思想激進,擅長法語,喜歡辯論,經常參加辯論協會的活動。張伯倫信奉基督教一位论派,在英國還沒有建立國民教育體系的年代,他曾在伯明翰的主日學校任教,是一位貼近下層群眾的資本家。
從政
張伯倫初入政坛时,是一个自由党激进派,争取教育改革。四十岁时,他才进入议会,比其他重要政治家较晚。威廉·格萊斯頓在第二次出任首相时,考虑了张伯伦对自由党基层组织的影响力,邀请他出任贸易委员会主席。这段时间,他变得广为人知。首先是因为他大加批评保守党领袖梳士巴利勋爵,然后是因为他在1885年大选期间,提出一个使农业劳工受惠的“未经批准计划”(Unauthorised Programme)。1886年,他因为不满首相格莱斯顿推动爱尔兰自治运动,辞职下野。自由党分裂后,他加入了大部分党员来自伯明翰及其周边地区的自由统一党。
自1895年大选起,自由统一党就和梳士巴利勋爵所领导的保守党合作。两党胜出后,梳士巴利勋爵邀请他加入政府,担任殖民地大臣。殖民地大臣任内,第二次布尔战争爆发,张伯伦负责了战时大部分军务。他是在1900年的“卡其大选”中左右选情的人物之一。1903年,他辞去殖民地大臣一职,进行关税改革运动。在这个议题上,虽然大部分自由统一党议员都支持张伯伦,但是仍然有少部分人与他意见不合,自此与他分道扬镳。结果,自由统一党在1906年大选中完全失败。几个月后,刚满七十岁的他患上了中风,从此退出政坛。
后人评价
虽然约瑟夫未能成为首相,但是他仍然被视为19世纪、20世纪之交最重要的英国政治家之一。他既是一位出色的演说家,又是一个有趣的人物,曾使两个主要政党分裂。温斯顿·丘吉尔称他为一个“呼风唤雨”的人。约瑟夫是奥斯丁·张伯伦爵士和首相内维尔·张伯伦的父亲。
注脚
延伸阅读
- Balfour, Michael. Britain and Joseph Chamberlain (1985), scholarly biography emphasizing economic topics
- Browne, Harry. Joseph Chamberlain: Radical and Imperialist (Longman Higher Education, 1974), 100 pp introduction
- Cawood, Ian, and Chris Upton, eds Joseph Chamberlain: International Statesman, National Leader, Local Icon (Springer, 2016) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LrftCwAAQBAJ online] ; [http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/printpdf/review/1981 online review]
** Cawood, Ian. "Conclusion Joseph Chamberlain: His Reputation and Legacy." pp 229–243.
- Cawood, Ian, The Liberal Unionist Party: A History (2012) [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Liberal_Unionist_Party.html?id=hfiFOImjjN8C online]
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- Crosby, Travis L. Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist (London: IB Tauris, 2011). Pp. xii+ 271.
- Ensor, R. C. K. England 1870-1914 (1936), scholarly survey
- Fraser, Derek. "Joseph Chamberlain and the Municipal Ideal," History Today (April 1987) 37#4 pp 33–40
- Fraser, Peter. Joseph Chamberlain: Radicalism and empire, 1868–1914 (1966)
- (6 vols); highly detailed with many letters; friendly to Chamberlain; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176377 vol. 1 online]
- Howell, P.A.. 'Joseph Chamberlain, 1836–1914'. In The Centenary Companion to Australian Federation, edited by Helen Irving, (Cambridge University Press, 1989)
- Halevy, Elie. Imperialism and the rise of labour, 1895–1905 (Vol. 5. 1934), Survey of the era with considerable attention to Chamberlain's position on major issues.
- Hunt, Tristram. Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City, (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2004) pp 232–265; his role in Birmingham.
- James, Robert Rhodes. "Radical Joe" History Today (Sep 1957) 7#9 pp 618-626, popular account by a scholar
- Jay, Richard. Joseph Chamberlain, A Political Study (Oxford UP, 1981), Scholarly biography focused on major national issues
- Judd, Denis. Radical Joe: Life of Joseph Chamberlain (H Hamilton, 1977), a scholarly biography.
- Kubicek, Robert V. The administration of imperialism: Joseph Chamberlain at the Colonial Office (Duke UP, 1969)
- Mackintosh, Alexander. Joseph Chamberlain: An Honest Biography (2nd ed. 1914), early scholarly biography [https://archive.org/details/josephchamberla01mackgoog online free]
- Marsh, Peter T. Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics, (Yale UP, 1994); 720pp; David Nichols says it is "comprehensive, judicious, scholarly, and eminently readable....[and] successfully integrates the public and the private to provide the first fully rounded account."
- Marsh, Peter T. "Chamberlain, Joseph (1836–1914)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., Sept 2013 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32350, accessed 3 July 2014], a short scholarly biography.
- Nicholls, David, "Chamberlain, Joseph" in David Loades, ed. Reader's Guide to British History (2003) 1: 243–44; historiography
- Otte, T. G. "'Intimately dependent on foreign policy': Joseph Chamberlain and Foreign Policy" in I. Cawood, ed. Joseph Chamberlain International Statesman, National Leader, Local Icon (2016).
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