小提琴
琴弦
小提琴的琴弦是在琴橋和弦枕上被拉長,而尾部是固定的,因此能製造出駐波 。其基本頻率 和和音 會因弦的物料、張力、長度、質量、彈性 等因素的優劣而受影響和音色。
琴橋
琴橋支撐琴弦中後部。它一定要在約20磅的下壓力下固定地站立。而琴弦的傾斜度也影響琴橋所承受的下壓力,因此琴弦的傾斜度通常會被設為158°。
琴弓
琴弦的震動主要為琴弓與琴弦間的摩擦。琴弓的弓毛通常以馬毛為素材,而弓身通常會由木頭或合成物質如玻璃纖維或碳纖維合成物。現代琴弓的長度、重量和平衡點都有標準的。當你使用不同的弓拉奏小提琴時,亦會有不同的音色及握弓時的手感。
琴身
琴身主要作用為共鳴箱,擴大琴弦的震動以使聲音能被人聽見。琴身必須夠堅固以承托來自琴弦的張力,但同時又要夠輕和夠薄才能穩定地震動。琴身主要由兩塊拱形的木板,面板和底板組成,而兩旁是以較薄且彎曲的木條組成。在琴身內有一個音柱,作用為將聲波由面板傳到底板。
參考文獻
- Hutchins, M. 1962. The Physics of Music. Scientific American, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1974.
- Hutchins, M. The Acoustics of Violin Plates. Scientific American, vol 245, No. 4. Oct 1981
參考
延伸阅读
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:* [http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/2118/3/1918%20Bull%20Indian%20Assoc%20Cultiv%20Sci%20V15%20p1-158%20-1.pdf Part 1] (pp. 1-276).
:* [http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/2118/2/1918%20Bull%20Indian%20Assoc%20Cultiv%20Sci%20V15%20p1-158%20-%202.pdf Part 2] (pp. 277-331).
:* [http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/2118/1/1918%20Bull%20Indian%20Assoc%20Cultiv%20Sci%20V15%20p1-158%20-%203.pdf Part 3] (pp. 332-389).
- Saunders, F.A. (October 1937). "[https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.1915912?journalCode=jas The mechanical action of violins]", in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 81–98. (May 2020)
- (in French)
- (May 2020)
外部連結
- [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/wiacrev/wiacrev-idx?type=HTML&rgn=DIV1&byte=603354&q1=&q2=&q3 William F. Fry: A Physicist's Quest for the "Secrets" of Stradivari (Wisconsin academy review)]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080307043050/http://www.bormanviolins.com/journalarticles.asp Path Through the Woods - The Use of Medical Imaging in Examining Historical Instruments] The use of computer aided tomography to examine the dendochronology (wood density) of the great Italian instruments in order to replicate their acoustics in modern instruments.
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