乍得语族

乍得语族(Chadic languages)是亞非語系（閃含語系）之下的語族之一，語言人口主要分布於中、西非的尼日利亞北部、尼日爾、乍得、中非共和國及喀麥隆。乍得語族大致上可以分為比烏-曼達拉語支、東乍得語支、西乍得語支和马萨Masa語支四個語支。

豪薩語是乍得語族中語言人口分布最廣泛的語言，屬於西乍得語支，亦是西非的非官方通用語。

分支

• 比乌-曼达拉语支 (Biu-Mandara)

** Biu-Mandara A
*** Biu-Mandara A.1
**** Biu-Mandara Eastern A.1
***** Boga ()
***** Ga'anda ()
***** Hwana ()
**** Biu-Mandara Western A.1
***** Jara ()
***** 特拉语 Tera ()
*** Biu-Mandara A.2
**** Nggwahyi ()
**** Biu-Mandara A.2 1
***** Bura-Pabir ()
***** Cibak ()
***** Kofa ()
***** Putai ()
**** Biu-Mandara A.2 2
***** Huba ()
***** 南马尔吉语 Marghi South ()
***** 中马尔吉语 Marghi Central ()
*** Biu-Mandara A.3
**** Bana ()
**** Hya ()
**** Kamwe ()
**** Psikye ()
*** Biu-Mandara A.4
**** Lamang
***** Hdi ()
***** Lamang ()
***** Vemgo-Mabas ()
**** 纯正曼达拉 Mandara Proper
***** Glavda
****** Cineni ()
****** Dghwede ()
****** Glavda ()
****** Guduf-Gava ()
****** Gvoko ()
***** 曼达拉语 Mandara
****** Wandala ()
***** Podoko
****** Parkwa ()
*** Biu-Mandara A.5
**** Baldemu ()
**** Cuvok ()
**** Dugwor ()
**** 北吉西加语 Giziga, North ()
**** 南吉西加语 Giziga, South ()
**** Mada ()
**** Mafa ()
**** Matal ()
**** Mbuko ()
**** Mefele ()
**** Merey ()
**** Mofu, North ()
**** Mofu-Gudur ()
**** Moloko ()
**** Muyang ()
**** Vame ()
**** Wuzlam ()
**** Zulgo-Gemzek ()
*** Biu-Mandara A.6
**** Sukur ()
*** Biu-Mandara A.7
**** Buwal ()
**** 达巴语 Daba ()
**** Gavar ()
**** Mazagway ()
**** Mbedam ()
**** Mina ()
*** Biu-Mandara A.8
**** Bacama ()
**** 巴塔语 Bata ()
**** Fali ()
**** Gude ()
**** Gudu ()
**** Holma ()
**** Jimi ()
**** Ngwaba ()
**** Nzanyi ()
**** Sharwa ()
**** Tsuvan ()
**** Zizilivakan ()
** Biu-Mandara B
*** Biu-Mandara B.1
**** Jilbe ()
**** 布杜马语 Buduma
***** 布杜马语 Buduma ()
**** Jina
***** Jina ()
***** Majera ()
**** 纯正科托科语 Kotoko Proper
***** Afade ()
***** Lagwan ()
***** Malgbe ()
***** Maslam ()
***** Mpade ()
***** Mser ()
*** Biu-Mandara B.2
**** Mbara ()
**** Musgu ()
**** Muskum ()
** Biu-Mandara C
*** Gidar ()

• 东乍得语支 (East Chadic)

** East Chadic A
*** East Chadic A.1
**** Buso ()
**** East Chadic A.1 1
***** Mire ()
***** Ndam ()
***** Somrai ()
***** Tumak ()
**** East Chadic A.1 2
***** Boor ()
***** Gadang ()
***** Miltu ()
***** Sarua ()
*** East Chadic A.2
**** East Chadic A.2 1
***** Kimré ()
***** Lele ()
***** 南歇雷语 Nancere ()
**** East Chadic A.2 2
***** Gabri ()
***** Kabalai ()
***** Tobanga ()
*** East Chadic A.3
**** Kera ()
**** Kwang ()
** East Chadic B
*** East Chadic B.1
**** East Chadic B.1 1
***** Bidiyo ()
***** 丹加利特语 Dangaléat ()
***** Jonkor Bourmataguil ()
***** Mabire ()
***** Mawa ()
***** Migaama ()
***** Mogum ()
***** Ubi ()
**** East Chadic B.1 2
***** Birgit ()
***** Kajakse ()
***** Masmaje ()
***** 穆比语 Mubi ()
***** Toram ()
***** Zirenkel ()
*** East Chadic B.2
**** Mukulu ()
*** East Chadic B.3
**** Barein ()
**** Saba ()
**** 索科罗语 Sokoro ()
**** Tamki ()

• 马萨语支 Masa

** Herdé ()
** Marba ()
** Masana ()
** Mesme ()
** Musey ()
** Ngete ()
** Pévé ()
** Zumaya ()

• 西乍得语支 (West Chadic)

** Luri ()
** West Chadic A
*** Daza ()
*** West Chadic A.1
**** 关达拉语 Gwandara ()
**** 豪萨语（Hausa）()
*** West Chadic A.2
**** Bole
***** Bure ()
***** Bole Proper
****** Beele ()
****** Bole ()
****** Deno ()
****** Galambu ()
****** Gera ()
****** Geruma ()
****** Giiwo ()
****** Kholok ()
****** Kubi ()
****** Maaka ()
****** 恩加莫语 Ngamo ()
****** Nyam ()
***** 卡雷卡雷语 Karekare
****** 卡雷卡雷语 Karekare ()
**** 坦加勒 Tangale
***** Dera
****** Dera ()
***** 纯正坦加勒 Tangale Proper
****** Kushi ()
****** Kutto ()
****** Kwaami ()
****** Pero ()
****** Piya-Kwonci ()
****** 坦加勒语 Tangale ()
*** West Chadic A.3
**** 纯正安加斯 Angas Proper
***** Angas Proper 1
****** Cakfem-Mushere ()
****** Jorto ()
****** Kofyar ()
****** Miship ()
****** Mwaghavul ()
****** Ngas ()
***** Angas Proper 2
****** Goemai ()
****** Koenoem ()
****** Montol ()
****** Pyapun ()
****** Tal ()
**** Yiwom
***** Yiwom ()
*** West Chadic A.4
**** Fyer
***** Fyer ()
***** Tambas ()
**** 纯正罗恩 Ron Proper
***** Duhwa ()
***** Kulere ()
***** Mundat ()
***** 罗恩语 Ron ()
***** Sha ()
** West Chadic B
*** West Chadic B.1
**** Auyokawa ()
**** 纯正巴德 Bade Proper
***** 巴德语 Bade ()
***** 恩吉津语 Ngizim ()
***** Teshenawa ()
**** Duwai
***** Duwai ()
*** West Chadic B.2
**** Ajawa ()
**** Ciwogai ()
**** Diri ()
**** Kariya ()
**** Mburku ()
**** Miya ()
**** Pa'a ()
**** Siri ()
**** Warji ()
**** Zumbun ()
*** West Chadic B.3
**** Dass ()
**** Boghom
***** Boghom ()
***** Kir-Balar ()
***** Mangas ()
**** Guruntum
***** Guruntum-Mbaaru ()
***** Ju ()
***** Tala ()
***** Zangwal ()
**** West Chadic B.3 Eastern
***** Jimi ()
**** Zaar Proper
***** Geji ()
***** Polci ()
***** Saya ()
***** Zari ()
***** Zeem ()

參考文獻

• [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=262-16 Ethnologue entry for Chadic languages]
• Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' Africa, 9, 332–349.
• Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, 1, 1–42.
• Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
• Newman, Paul (1980) The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
• Newman, Paul and Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Comparative Chadic: phonology and lexicon.' Journal of African Languages, 5, 218–251.
• Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55–60.

外部連結

• [http://chadicnewsletter.wordpress.com Chadic Newsletter Online]