哲学

之死,由雅克·路易·大卫所繪(1787年)]]

哲學是研究普遍、基本问题的領域,包括存在、知识、价值、理智、心灵、语言、人生、道德等领域。

词源
西方語言的「哲學」一詞主要繼承自拉丁語,借自古希臘語,意為「友愛智慧」一句。

哲学的概念
哲学的定义
哲学家们对哲学本身的定义就已經存在分歧,没有共同的共识。这归因于哲学本身的性质是一个开放命題。许多伟大的哲学家,如柏拉图、黑格尔等,对问题“什么是哲学?”提出了答案。但这些答案在今日不可能不被挑戰,原因在於哲学本身就是一个哲学问题,因此不应期望得到无争议的收斂性答案——如果哲学家们停止争论,哲学家的职业也将结束。

英国哲学家罗素对哲学的定义是:

胡適在《中国哲学史大纲》中称「凡研究人生切要的问题,从根本上着想,要寻一个根本的解决:这种学问叫做哲学」。

雖然哲學源自西方的傳統,但許多文明在歷史上都存在著一些相似的論題。東亞和南亞的哲學被稱之為東方哲學,而北非和中東則因為其和歐洲密切的互動,因此常被視為是西方哲學的一部份。

對哲學的主題亦存在許多看法。一些人認為哲學是對問題本身過程的觀察。。

现代哲学上出現"不要求精确理由"之哲学理論,例如"虛假"(认定本质不可知),这种现象将不可知论(世界上终究有人不能理解的存在)的重要程度提高了。

自亚里士多德时代以来,在古典或者现代哲学当中,逻辑通常都扮演着重要的角色。特别是其提出的三段论,对西方哲学发展有着深远影响。

分支
主分支
哲學可以分为很多不同的分支,主要包括形而上學、知識論、倫理學、邏輯學和美學

古希腊-罗马
(左)和亚里士多德(右):裁剪自雅典學院,拉斐尔·圣齐奥作,1509]]

古希腊-罗马哲学是西方哲学的一个时期,时间为公元前6世纪[约585]到公元6世纪。它一般被分为三个时期:前苏格拉底时期、柏拉图和亚里士多德的古典希腊时期、和后亚里士多德(或希腊化)时期:有时候会把新柏拉图主义和基督教哲学家们的古典时代晚期加入作为第四个时期。

前苏格拉底时期
在公元前6世纪的希腊,西方哲学就从古代神话和诗歌中脱颖而出,逐步开始对宇宙的组成以及本源的思考而开始了独立发展。前苏格拉底时期的自然派哲學家们多关注自然界,被認為是西方最早的哲學家。

古印度
印度哲學是指起源於印度次大陸的哲學思想,包括、佛教哲學、等,這些印度哲學具有一些共同且複雜的起源,都有有關佛法及業的主題,而且都希望達到個人的解放。這些哲學約在西元前一世紀到西元幾世紀的時間成形。

中世纪哲学(5-16世纪)
中世纪欧洲
]]

中世纪哲学指的是西欧和中东在中世纪的哲学体系,其时间范围没有定论,大致上是从基督化的罗马帝国时期至文艺复兴时期 其他主要哲學家包括海德格、莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂 以及伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯。

存在主义
(1813–1855)]]
(1844–1900)]]

存在主义是一个哲学的非理性主义思潮,该术语被用在十九世纪晚期到二十世纪的一些哲学家的工作上,尽管他们的学说相差巨大。在存在主义中,个体的出发点的特征是被称为“存在的态度”,或一种面对显然是一个无意义的或荒谬的世界的迷失和混乱的感觉

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扩展阅读

  • 艾倫·布洛克, R. B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992, cop. 1983. xxv, 867 p. ISBN 978-0-00-636965-3
  • 艾倫·布洛克, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: "First published in England under the title, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought." ISBN 978-0-06-010578-5
  • Julia, Didier. Dictionnaire de la philosophie. Responsible éditorial, Emmanuel de Waresquiel; secretariat de rédaction, Joelle Narjollet. [Éd. rev.]. Paris: Larousse, 2006. 301, [1] p. + xvi p. of ill. ISBN 978-2-03-583309-9
  • Reese, W. L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN 978-0-391-00688-1

入门

  • Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through  – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513458-2
  • Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN 978-0-907845-33-1
  • Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285421-6
  • Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1
  • Durant, Will, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, ISBN 978-0-671-73916-4
  • Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, Mastering Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-333-69343-8
  • Higgins, Kathleen M. and Solomon, Robert C. A Short History of Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-510196-6
  • Philosophy Now magazine
  • Russell, Bertrand. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040807090338/http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/phil/russell/ The Problems of Philosophy]. ISBN 978-0-19-511552-9
  • Sinclair, Alistair J. What is Philosophy? An Introduction, 2008, ISBN 978-1-903765-94-4
  • Sober, Elliott.(2001). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-189869-1
  • Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-534-16708-0
  • Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN 978-0-415-14694-4
  • [http://www.journals.cambridge.org/thi Think: philosophy for everyone] Lively and accessible articles written by philosophers pre-eminent in their fields, for a broad audience. Free articles are available online.
  • Gerald Rochelle [http://www.practicalphilosophy.org.uk] Doing Philosophy, 2012, ISBN 978-1-78046-004-8

专题介绍

  • Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN 978-0-268-01569-5
  • Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285359-2
  • Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285374-5
  • Harwood, Sterling, ed., Business as Ethical and Business as Usual(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 2000); www.sterlingharwood.com
  • Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. '3'An Introduction to African Philosophy*. ISBN 978-0-8476-8841-8
  • Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 978-0-7456-1977-4
  • Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN 978-0-19-513335-6
  • Leaman, Oliver. A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-7456-1960-6
  • Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN 978-0-86316-282-4
  • Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-505292-3
  • Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-415-26763-2
  • Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN 978-0-415-22852-7
  • Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN 978-0-345-36809-6

选集

  • Classics of Philosophy(Vols. 1 & 2, 2nd edition)by Louis P. Pojman
  • Classics of Philosophy: The 20th Century(Vol. 3)by Louis P. Pojman
  • The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
  • European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
  • Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
  • Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
  • The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
  • Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
  • A Source Book in Indian Philosophy by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
  • A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy by 陈荣捷著
  • Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed.(1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
  • The Oxford Handbook of Free Will(2004)edited by Robert Kane
  • Husserl, Edmund and Donn Welton (1999). The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology, Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21273-3
  • Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.

参考著作
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  • The Oxford Companion to Philosophy edited by Ted Honderich
  • The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
  • The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy(10 vols.)edited by Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi(available online by subscription); or
  • The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy edited by Edward Craig (an abridgement)
  • Encyclopedia of Philosophy(8 vols.)edited by Paul Edwards; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
  • International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Routledge History of Philosophy(10 vols.)edited by John Marenbon
  • History of Philosophy(9 vols.)by Frederick Copleston
  • A History of Western Philosophy(5 vols.)by W. T. Jones
  • History of Italian Philosophy(2 vols.)by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
  • Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies(8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al.(first 6 volumes out of print)
  • Indian Philosophy(2 vols.)by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
  • A History of Indian Philosophy(5 vols.)by Surendranath Dasgupta
  • History of Chinese Philosophy(2 vols.)by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
  • Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming陈荣捷著
  • Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
  • Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
  • Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
  • A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
  • History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
  • History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
  • A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
  • Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed.(1994)A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
  • Blackburn, S., Ed.(1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Mauter, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
  • Runes, D., Ed.(1942). [http://www.ditext.com/runes/ The Dictionary of Philosophy] . New York, The Philosophical Library, Inc.
  • Angeles, P.A., Ed.(1992). The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
  • Bunnin, N. et al., Ed.(1996)The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
  • Hoffman, Eric, Ed.(1997)Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Popkin, R.H.(1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.

外部連結
*倪梁康:[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/32204.html 〈哲學何為?哲人何為?〉] (2010)
*倪梁康:[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/26756.html 〈哲學的定位:玄思的文學?隨意的史學?〉] (2009)
*倪梁康:[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/32386.html 〈我所理解的「哲學」〉] (2010)
*陳嘉映:[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/22801.html 〈哲學是什麼〉] (2000)
*陳嘉映:[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/45442.html 〈哲學之為窮理與哲學之為對話〉] (2011)
*陳嘉映:[http://www.aisixiang.com/download/200808.pdf 〈維特根斯坦的哲學觀〉] (2006)
*高宣揚:[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/15246.html 〈當代西方哲學的基本論題〉] (2007)
*張汝倫:[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/44417.html 〈哲學的出路在於智慧〉] (2011)
*張汝倫:[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/73406.html 〈哲學的批判讓我們始終保持反思意識〉] (2014)
*張汝倫:〈[http://www.rmlt.com.cn/2014/0328/250934.shtml 哲学的“无用”之用] 〉。

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