及土耳其爭執的賽普勒斯(右下)]]
賽普勒斯問題( , )指的是賽普勒斯島上的希臘人、土耳其人族裔問題,以及南、北賽普勒斯是否統一的問題。
背景
賽普勒斯島上大約在公元前16世紀時,就有從希臘來的移民,在西元前709年到西元前525年被亞述、埃及和波斯人統治。西元前58年被羅馬統治了將近400年,西元395年屬於拜占庭帝國,1489年屬於威尼斯共和國,1571年被鄂圖曼帝國佔領,1878年被英國人統治,1925年成為英國殖民地。
1959年2月,英國、希臘和土耳其簽訂了《蘇黎世-倫敦協定》和《聯盟條約》,英國、希臘及土耳其三個國家保證了賽普勒斯的獨立地位。
歷史
1960年8月16日,賽普勒斯共和國宣告成立,随后希土两族摩擦不断。1974年,塞浦路斯戰士全國組織EOKA发动军事政变,企图将塞浦路斯并入希臘。兩族因為制憲問題爆發嚴重的流血衝突。土耳其同年随后入侵武装干涉。
1975年2月,土耳其族在土耳其政府的支持下在尼古西亞以北建立了北賽普勒斯土耳其共和國。
聯合國為了解決賽普勒斯問題,於2004年在賽普勒斯舉行統一公投,但並未通過此一公投的塞浦路斯安南計劃,其原因是賽普勒斯共和國的經濟狀況比北賽普勒斯好,人口也比北賽普勒斯多,在國際間的活動空間範圍較大,北賽普勒斯因經濟狀況問題希望與賽浦路斯解決政治僵局,但在國際上被孤立,而且人口較少,賽普勒斯共和國反對給予北賽普勒斯更多的權利,因此公投並未過關。
2017年7月7日聯合國介入賽普勒斯與北賽普勒斯談判失敗。
2015 年 5 月 12 日,塞浦路斯共和國總統尼科斯·阿納斯塔夏季斯和北塞浦路斯總統穆斯塔法·阿肯哲首次會晤並重啟和平談判。 2017 年 7 月 7 日,在瑞士阿爾卑斯山舉行的聯合國主持的會談因談判破裂而暫停,此前 10 天已在瑞士阿爾卑斯山舉行。 塞浦勒斯克萊恩蒙塔納會談以未能達成和平與統一協議而告終。
2017 年 10 月 1 日,英國前外交大臣傑克‧史特勞表示,只有分割島嶼才能結束土族塞人和希族塞人之間的爭端。10 月 2 日,土族塞人外交部長塔赫辛‧埃爾圖格魯洛格魯表示,在島上建立聯邦是不可能的。
2017 年末,惠譽集團旗下的 Business Monitor International將塞浦路斯統一的可能性從「渺茫」降至「極度渺茫」。
2018年10月16日聯合國預定26日將為賽普勒斯雙方領導人主持會談,兩方合併和談。但仍無具體成果。
問題相關方
類似個案
*两岸分治
*印巴分治
*以巴分治
*兩韓分治
*兩愛分治
*中國統一
*也門統一
*兩德統一
*越南統一
*两韩统一
参见
*塞浦路斯历史
*土耳其历史
*希腊历史
*塞浦路斯王国
- 伊茲密爾
*奥斯曼主义
參考資料
參考文献
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120616001140/http://163.30.0.78/mngk/cyprus-p.htm 賽普勒斯問題]
官方出版及文獻
- [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/113/11302.htm The House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus] .
- [http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/E570E4948868A105C2256EAE003CAAE0?OpenDocument Letter by the President of the Republic, Mr Tassos Papadopoulos, to the U.N. Secretary-General, Mr Kofi Annan, dated June 7, which circulated as an official document of the U.N. Security Council]
- [http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BD477C55623013C5C2256D740027CF98?OpenDocument Legal Issues arising from certain population transfers and displacements on the territory of the Republic of Cyprus in the period since 20 July 1974]
- [http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cna/2004/04-04-08.cna.html#01 Address to Cypriots by President Papadopoulos (FULL TEXT)]
- The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office, [http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/a_problem_en/a_problem_en?OpenDocument Aspects of the Cyprus Problem]
- [http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/5CFDB55E726D86C1C2256DC3007953BB/$file/Application%20no%2025781_94.pdf?OpenElement European Court of Human Rights Case of Cyprus v. Turkey (Application no. 25781/94)]
其它文献
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20051022171748/http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/esc/esc-lectures/Oxford_Cyprus.pdf "Getting to Yes: Suggestions for the Embellishment of the Annan Plan for Cyprus (PDF)"] Policy Paper, Southeast European Studies at Oxford, St Antony's College, Oxford University, February 2004
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20051022171729/http://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/ncyprus/WCW-CW-PDF.pdf "Economic Aspects of the Annan Plan for the Solution of the Cyprus Problem (PDF)"] Wolfson College, Oxford University, February 2004
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218175012/http://www.cypruspolls.org/OptionsForPeaceTextAndCharts.pdf "Options for Peace: Mapping the Possibilities for a Comprehensive Settlement in Cyprus (PDF)"] Alexandros Lordos, May 2005
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20051022171734/http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/esc/esc-lectures/ker-lindsay.pdf "From U Thant to Kofi Annan: UN Peacemaking in Cyprus, 1964–2004 (PDF)"] James Ker-Lindsay, Occasional Paper 5/05, Southeast European Studies at Oxford, St Antony's College, Oxford University, October 2005
- [http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/files/WP5Cyprus.pdf "EU and the Cyprus Conflict: Review of the Literature (PDF)"] Olga Demetriou, Working Paper Series in EU Border Conflicts, Number 5, January 2004
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208024643/http://www.prio.no/files/file48994_cyprus_property_report_-_trimmed_and_reduced_file_size.pdf "The Property Regime in a Cyprus Settlement: A Reassessment of the Solution Proposed under the Annan Plan, Given the Performance of the Property Markets in Cyprus, 2003–2006 (PDF)"] Stelios Platis, Stelios Orphanides and Fiona Mullen, PRIO Report 2/2006, PRIO Cyprus Centre, November 2006
延伸閱讀
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- The European Parliament Policy Department External Policies (2008) [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/committees/studies/download.do?file=20800#search=%20Turkey%20 The Influence of Turkish Military Forces on Political Agenda-Setting in Turkey, Analysed on The Basis of the Cyprus Question]
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外部連結
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm Timeline – Cyprus (BBC)]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070605191416/http://www.un.int/cyprus/resolut.htm UN resolutions list on the Cyprus issue]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060109194918/http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G04/138/11/PDF/G0413811.pdf?OpenElement Recent U.N. document: The question of human rights in Cyprus]
- [http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/a_problem_en/a_problem_en?OpenDocument Aspects of the Cyprus Problem from The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office]
- [http://www.kibris.gen.tr?OpenDocument A detailed Cyprus Problem site from The TFSC and Turkey]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605031517/http://aegeantimes.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1043 Kissinger’s Secret Phone Calls Concerning Cyprus English translation of Eleftherotypia article]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081344/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/turkish_cypriot_community/index_en.htm EU task-force on the Turkish Cypriot community]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214333/http://www.turkishweekly.net/editorial.php?id=31 Cyprus and Turkey’s EU Process] A Summary of the Problem from Turkish Perspective
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213702/http://www.lobbyforcyprus.org/ Lobby for Cyprus]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193302/http://www.cyprus1974.org/ The Displaced Greek Communities of Cyprus]
- [http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKL0872598520070308?pageNumber=2 Greek Cypriots begin removing Nicosia barrier]
- [http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/greek-cypriots-tear-down-nicosias-dividing-wall/2007/03/09/1173166948015.html Greek Cypriots tear down Nicosia's dividing wall]
文件
- [http://echoesacrossthedivide.googlepages.com Echoes Across the Divide] (2008) is an Australian documentary film about an attempt to bridge the Green Line (Cyprus) with a bicommunal music project performed from the rooftops of Old Nicosia.
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